Phylogeography, Vectors and Transmission in Latin America

Conn, Jan E.; Quiñónes, Martha L.; Póvoa, Marinete Marins

doi:10.5772/55217

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(124 reference statements)

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“…nuñeztovari, and Ny. albitarsis (Sinka et al, 2012;Conn et al, 2013;Fernández et al, 2014;Laporta et al, 2015;Ahumada et al, 2016) are all implicated as vectors of P. vivax (da Silva et al, 2006;Neves et al, 2013;Rios-Velasquez et al, 2013;Hurtado et al, 2018;Martins-Campos et al, 2018;Prussing et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ookinete-Specific Genes and 18S SSU rRNA Evidenced in Plasmodium vivax Selection and Adaptation by Sympatric Vectors

González-Cerón¹,

Rodrı́guez²,

Ovilla-Muñoz³

et al. 2020

Front. Genet.

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In the southern Pacific coast of Chiapas, Mexico (SM), the two most abundant vector species, Nyssorhynchus albimanus and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, were susceptible to different Plasmodium vivax Pvs25/28 haplotypes. To broaden our understanding of the existing P. vivax in the area, genes encoding proteins relevant for ookinete development and the 18S rRNA were studied. P. vivax infectivity (percentage of infected mosquitoes and oocyst numbers) was evaluated by simultaneously feeding infected blood samples from patients to Ny. albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis female mosquitoes. Three infectivity patterns were identified: one group of parasites were more infective to An. pseudopunctipennis than to Ny. albimanus, another group was more infective to Ny. albimanus, while a third group infected both vectors similarly. In 29 parasite isolates, the molecular variations of ookinete-specific genes and the 18S rRNA-type S were analyzed. Using concatenated sequences, phylogenetic trees, and Structure analysis, parasite clustering within SM isolates and between these and those from other geographical origins were investigated. A ML phylogenetic tree resolved two parasite lineages: PvSM-A and PvSM-B. They were associated to a different 18S rRNA variant. PvSM-A parasites had 18S rRNA variant rV2 and correspond to parasites causing high oocyst infection in Ny. albimanus. A new ML tree and Structure analysis, both comprising global sequences, showed PvSM-A clustered with Latin American parasites. Meanwhile, all isolates of PvSM-B had 18S rRNA variant rV1 and remained as unique genetic cluster comprising two subgroups: PvSM-Ba, producing high infection in An. pseudopunctipennis, and PvSM-Bb, causing similar oocyst infection in both vector species. PvSM-A parasites were genetically similar to parasites from South America.Meanwhile, PvSM-B were exclusive to southern Mexico and share ancestry with Asian parasites. The results suggest that these lineages evolved separately, likely by geographic and vector restriction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ookinete-Specific Genes and 18S SSU rRNA Evidenced in Plasmodium vivax Selection and Adaptation by Sympatric Vectors

González-Cerón¹,

Rodrı́guez²,

Ovilla-Muñoz³

et al. 2020

Front. Genet.

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“…albitarsis s.l. complex [61], are considered important vectors in Amapá and Roraima, respectively, where they are found in great abundance and positive for Plasmodium [47,50,55,62,63]. Anopheles braziliensis, An.…”

Section: The Amazon Rainforest Transmission Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil

Carlos

Rona

Christophides

et al. 2019

Pathogens and Global Health

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Malaria remains a serious public health problem in Brazil despite a significant drop in the number of cases in the past decade. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil to highlight the epidemiologically most relevant components that could help tackle the disease. We consider factors impacting on the malaria burden and transmission dynamics including the geographical occurrence of both autochthonous and imported infections, the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors and records of natural mosquito infections with Plasmodium . Our analysis identifies three discrete malaria transmission systems related to the Amazon rainforest, Atlantic rainforest and Brazilian coast, respectively. The Amazonian system accounts for 99% of all malaria cases in the country. It is largely due to autochthonous P. vivax and P. falciparum transmission by mosquitoes of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus, primarily Anopheles darlingi . Whilst P. vivax transmission is widespread, P. falciparum transmission is restricted to hotspot areas mostly in the States of Amazonas and Acre. This system is the major source of P. vivax exportation to the extra-Amazonian regions that are also affected by importation of P. falciparum from Africa. The Atlantic system comprises autochthonous P. vivax transmission typically by the bromeliad-associated mosquitoes An. cruzii and An. bellator of the Kerteszia subgenus. An. cruzii also transmits simian malaria parasites to humans. The third, widespread but geographically fragmented, system is found along the Brazilian coast and comprises P. vivax transmission mainly by An. aquasalis . We conclude that these geographically and biologically distinct malaria transmission systems require specific strategies for effective disease control.

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“…Anopheles albimanus is one of the principal malaria vectors in Central America and its surroundings from Florida and Texas in the north, to Peru in the south (36,37). Mosquito infection by Plasmodium depends on the parasite development into invasive ookinetes that colonize and form oocysts in the midgut (38,39).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Methylation in Anopheles albimanus Modulates the Midgut Immune Response Against Plasmodium berghei

et al. 2020

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Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications are fundamental for the phenotypic plasticity of insects during their interaction with the environment. In response to environmental cues, the methylation pattern in DNA is dynamically remodeled to achieve an epigenetic control of gene expression. DNA methylation is the focus of study in insects for its evolutionarily conserved character; however, there is scant knowledge about the epigenetic regulation in vector mosquitoes, especially during their infection by parasites. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the participation of DNA methylation in the immune response of Anopheles albimanus to a Plasmodium infection. For this, we first investigated the presence of a fully functional DNA methylation system in A. albimanus by assessing its potential role in larval development. Subsequently, we evaluated the transcriptional response to Plasmodium berghei of two mosquito phenotypes with different degrees of susceptibility to the parasite, in a scenario where their global DNA methylation had been pharmacologically inhibited. Our study revealed that A. albimanus has a functional DNA methylation system that is essential to larval viability, and that is also responsive to feeding and parasite challenges. The pharmacological erasure of the methylome with azacytidine or decitabine abolished the divergent responses of both mosquito phenotypes, leading to a transcriptionally similar response upon parasite challenge. This response was more specific, and the infection load in both phenotypes was lowered. Our findings suggest that DNA methylation may constitute a key factor in vector competence, and a promising target for preventing malaria transmission.

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Phylogeography, Vectors and Transmission in Latin America

Cited by 11 publications

References 85 publications

Ookinete-Specific Genes and 18S SSU rRNA Evidenced in Plasmodium vivax Selection and Adaptation by Sympatric Vectors

Ookinete-Specific Genes and 18S SSU rRNA Evidenced in Plasmodium vivax Selection and Adaptation by Sympatric Vectors

A comprehensive analysis of malaria transmission in Brazil

DNA Methylation in Anopheles albimanus Modulates the Midgut Immune Response Against Plasmodium berghei

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