Cold agglutinin anti‐I antibodies in two patients with COVID‐19

Abstract

Background Cold agglutinin syndrome (CAS) is associated with various diseases. Several studies of CAS associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) reported hemolytic anemia and thrombosis; however, the clinical significance of cold agglutinins (CA) in patients with COVID‐19 is unclear. Here, we present two cases of CA identified in the context of COVID‐19 without hemolytic anemia and clotting. Case report and Discussion Two patients with no known risk factors for CA were diagnosed with COVID‐19; peripheral blood smears reveal red blood cells (RBCs) agglutination. These patients showed a high CA titer. We confirmed retrospectively that the CA was an anti‐I antibody. The two COVID‐19 cases with a high CA titer showed no hemolysis or thrombosis. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is known to cause CAS, but not all patients who have a high CA titer show hemolysis. Coagulation abnormalities are documented in severe COVID‐19 cases. Although CA increases the risk of thrombosis in those with lymphoproliferative diseases, the role of anti‐I antibodies in COVID‐19 is unclear. The impact of CAS on clinical presentations in COVID‐19 remains a matter of verification. Conclusions A high CA titer was identified in COVID‐19 patients without hemolytic anemia and clotting. Anti‐I antibodies were identified. Further studies are required to clarify the pathophysiology of CA in COVID‐19.

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma presenting cold agglutinin syndrome: Clonal expansion of KMT2D and IGHV4‐34 mutations after COVID‐19

“…Furthermore, previous reports have indicated an association between CAS and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). [10][11][12] The mechanism underlying CA production in COVID-19 remains to be elucidated. Here, we present a crucial case that sheds light on the pathophysiology of LPL with CAS associated with COVID-19.…”

Primary cold agglutinin disease: a recently recognised diagnostic entity in WHO and ICC

“…Our patient history suggests that a previously wellcontrolled autoimmune disease was exacerbated by an active SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting the relevance of understanding the mechanisms of the cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in worsening a previously well-controlled pCAD. 5,6…”