Cognitive impairment is associated with reduced bone mass in multiple sclerosis

Abstract

CI is associated with reduced BMD in patients with MS, suggesting that central mechanisms involved in bone homeostasis may be directly impaired by MS-related inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) as a screening test for cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis

“…We considered the following criteria to define cognitive impairment, as reported previously in other studies (Benedict et al, 2004;Batista et al, 2012): a) a z score of < -1.5 across four tests, or b) the presence of one severe (z < -2.0) and two mild (z < -1.5) 10 cognitive defects, or c) two severe defects (z < -2.0), across all cognitive measures of the neuropsychological assessment battery compiled for this study, excluding the MoCA (target tool of the study).…”

No association between body composition and cognition in ambulatory persons with multiple sclerosis: A brief report

“…However, those associations were attenuated and nonsignificant after controlling for covariates of age and disability status. This was somewhat unexpected since physical fitness (i.e., aerobic and muscular fitness) and mobility outcomes are associated with body composition outcomes across the MS disability spectrum [30] and there is preliminary evidence of associations between measures of BMD and learning and memory in this population [11]. Body composition represents another domain of fitness that has not been well-studied relative to cognitive function in persons with MS.…”

“…Despite having comparable body composition characteristics to adults of the general population, perhaps having poor body composition is particularly burdensome for cognitive functioning in adults with MS based on the inflammatory nature of the disease. Indeed, one study reports that higher bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur was associated with better visual learning and memory in 56 ambulatory persons with MS, although that study does not report outcomes of body fat [11]. That study provides preliminary support for an association between body composition outcomes and cognitive function in MS.…”

Bone health and multiple sclerosis

“…16,36,[38][39][40] Both osteopaenia and osteoporosis are more common at the femoral neck than the lumbar spine in MS, a fact that is thought to be because of the pattern of immobility seen in MS. 41 Osteopaenia was documented in 26-73% patients with MS and osteoporosis in 5-29%.…”