“…Third, many have concerns on the interrelationships between fluency and intellectual ability, especially regarding school achievement (Jauk, Bebedek, Dunst, & Neubauer, 2013). Some studies (e.g., Asha, 1980;Bolandifa & Noordin, 2013;Kaboodi & Jiar, 2012;Powers & Kaufman, 2004) argued that interrelationships exist between fluency and school achievement, while others assert that there is either no relationship (e.g., Olatoye, Akintunde, & Yakasi, 2010;Palaniappan, 2007) or very little relationship (e.g., Sen & Hagtvet, 1993). If an interrelationship does indeed exist between fluency and school achievement, then it can be deduced that improvement of fluency can be expected from the development of academic ability or vice versa.…”