Co-localization and distribution of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin and enkephalin in the paraventricular nucleus of sheep: A sex comparison

Rivalland, Elizabeth Therese Astrid; Iqbal, Javed; Clarke, Iain J.; Turner, Anne I.; Tilbrook, Alan John

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.01.045

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Our research in prepubertal sheep has also shown that some sex differences in the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis endure in the absence of the sex steroids [64]. Consistent with these findings, we also showed that sex and gonadal status affect the distribution of CRH, AVP and enkephalin in the paraventricular nucleus of sheep, providing a neuroanatomical basis for sex differences in the central regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis [66]. Others have shown that steroids and reproductive state can affect the activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis in female sheep [100], but there were no comparisons with males.…”

Section: The Role Of Sex Steroids and Reproductive State On Stress Resupporting

confidence: 88%

“…In lambs, we found that females had a significantly higher cortisol response to tail docking compared to males and that this sex difference developed between one and eight weeks of age [64]. We have also investigated the mechanisms for sex differences in hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis responses to stress and have found various differences between males and females at each level of the axis, some of which depend on gonadal factors [65,66], which are discussed in the next section. These include differences in neuropeptide distribution in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus [66] as well as adrenal size and adrenal responsiveness to ACTH [65].…”

Section: Sex Differences In Responses To Stressmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…We have also investigated the mechanisms for sex differences in hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis responses to stress and have found various differences between males and females at each level of the axis, some of which depend on gonadal factors [65,66], which are discussed in the next section. These include differences in neuropeptide distribution in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus [66] as well as adrenal size and adrenal responsiveness to ACTH [65]. In humans, there is also evidence that hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis responses to stress differ between adult men and women (see [49] for an extensive review of the literature).…”

Section: Sex Differences In Responses To Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex Differences and the Role of Sex Steroids in Sympatho-Adrenal Medullary System and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Responses to Stress

Turner¹,

Keating²,

Tilbrook³

2012

Sex Steroids

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Section: The Role Of Sex Steroids and Reproductive State On Stress Resupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Sex Differences In Responses To Stressmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Sex Differences In Responses To Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sex Differences and the Role of Sex Steroids in Sympatho-Adrenal Medullary System and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Responses to Stress

Turner¹,

Keating²,

Tilbrook³

2012

Sex Steroids

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“…However, we found no difference between the sexes in the cortisol response to injection of ACTH in adult sheep, suggesting that the mechanism for the sex differences in response to stress is at the level of the hypothalamo-pituitary unit rather than at the level of the adrenal gland (Turner et al 2002a). Our recent study provided an anatomical basis for these differences arising within the hypothalamopituitary unit by showing that there were differences between the sexes in the distribution and co-localisation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in the paraventricular nucleus of sheep (Rivalland et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

A sex difference in the cortisol response to tail docking and ACTH develops between 1 and 8 weeks of age in lambs

Turner

Hosking²,

Parr³

et al. 2006

Journal of Endocrinology

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It is important to understand factors that may influence responses to stress, as these factors may also influence vulnerability to pathologies that can develop when stress responses are excessive or prolonged. It is clear that, in adults, the sex of an individual can influence the cortisol response to stress in a stressor specific manner. Nevertheless, the stage of development at which these sex differences emerge is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that there are sex differences in the cortisol response to tail docking and ACTH in lambs of 1 and 8 weeks of age. We also established cortisol responses in males when tail docking was imposed alone and in combination with castration at these ages. In experiment 1, 1 and 8 week old male and female lambs were subjected to sham handling, tail docking or, in males, a combination of tail docking and castration. In experiment 2, we administered ACTH (1·0 IU/kg) to male and female lambs at 1 and 8 weeks of age. There were significant cortisol responses to all treatments at both ages. Sex differences in the cortisol responses to tail docking and ACTH developed between 1 and 8 weeks of age, with females having greater responses than males. The data suggest that the mechanism for the sex difference in response to tail docking may involve the adrenal glands. At both ages, in males, the cortisol response to the combined treatment of tail docking and castration was significantly greater than that for tail docking alone.

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“…This is seen in gonadectomised animals, even though sex steroids have a modifying effect on the stress response [21, 40]. Such sex differences may reflect sexual differentiation at a neuro-anatomical level, although there may be subtle effects of sex steroids on the degree of co-localisation of CRH, AVP and enkephalin [41]. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that projections from the PVN to the POA are activated during stress and that the extent of these projections differs in male and female sheep.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Projections to the Preoptic Area from the Paraventricular Nucleus, Arcuate Nucleus and the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Are Unlikely to Be Involved in Stress-Induced Suppression of GnRH Secretion in Sheep

Rivalland

Tilbrook²,

Turner³

et al. 2006

Neuroendocrinology

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Stress compromises reproductive function and the major physiological system activated during stress is the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin (AVP), which are produced in neurones of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), drive the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and are also implicated in the suppression of the reproductive axis. We used retrograde tracing and Fos labelling to map the projections from the PVN to the preoptic area (POA) where most gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones are found. Fluorogold (FG) injections were made into the POA of gonadectomised male and female sheep (n = 5/sex), the animals were stressed and the brains recovered for histochemistry. All animals responded to stress with an increase in the number of Fos-labelled nuclei in the PVN. Few retrogradely labelled cells of the PVN were activated by stress. Dual labelling showed that very few FG-labelled cells also stained for corticotrophin-releasing hormone, none for AVP or enkephalin. Dual labelling for FG and Fos in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the arcuate nucleus showed that no FG-labelled cells in the BNST and only few in the ARC were activated by stress. No sex differences were observed in the activation of FG-labelled cells in any of the nuclei examined. We conclude that, although cells of the PVN, BNST and/or arcuate nucleus may affect reproduction via the GnRH cells of the POA, this is unlikely to involve direct input to the POA. If cells of these regions are involved in GnRH suppression during stress, this may occur via interneuronal pathways.

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Co-localization and distribution of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, arginine vasopressin and enkephalin in the paraventricular nucleus of sheep: A sex comparison

Cited by 20 publications

References 57 publications

Sex Differences and the Role of Sex Steroids in Sympatho-Adrenal Medullary System and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Responses to Stress

Sex Differences and the Role of Sex Steroids in Sympatho-Adrenal Medullary System and Hypothalamo-Pituitary Adrenal Axis Responses to Stress

A sex difference in the cortisol response to tail docking and ACTH develops between 1 and 8 weeks of age in lambs

Projections to the Preoptic Area from the Paraventricular Nucleus, Arcuate Nucleus and the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Are Unlikely to Be Involved in Stress-Induced Suppression of GnRH Secretion in Sheep

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