CO 2 laser in stapes surgery

Experimental study on thermic effects, morphology and function of guinea pig cochlea: A comparison between the erbium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser and carbon dioxide laser

“…It was reported that a median peak temperature increase of 3.68C was detected at 2 mm from the stapes footplate in the acrylic cuvette model. In contrast, the CO 2 laser raised the temperature by 8.88C in equivalent conditions [16]. In our study, the temperature increased during higher energy (80 mJ) Er:YAG laser irradiation with the median peak temperature increase 1.68C on the round window membrane.…”

Effects of pulsed laser systems on stapes footplate

“…On the other hand, the applied excimer laser system must be regarded as unsuitable (Table 1). Thus the erbium laser, which has proven to be the most effective system from the group of the investigated pulsed lasers, could represent an alternative to the argon, KTP 532, and CO 2 lasers, already successful when clinically applied in stapes surgery [3,6,9,15].…”

“…The effectiveness and safety of the thermically acting continuous-wave (cw) lasers (argon, KTP 532, and CO 2 lasers) hitherto applied in clinical practice are still discussed controversially [3,6,9]. Novel types of pulsed laser systems (excimer, holmium:YAG, and erbium:YAG lasers) that can act oligothermically may prove to be safer and more efficient [2,7,10,11,13,14].…”

“…The continuous-wave lasers have been examined as to their suitability for stapedotomy in previous studies [2][3][4][5]15]. This study aims at investigating various pulsed laser systems which, among other things, have yielded good results in osteotomy research [1,8,12] and thus also promise to be suitable for management of the auditory ossicles.…”

Holmium-YAG Laser ablation characteristics in calvarial lamellar and cortical bone: The role of water and tissue micro-architecture

“…In laser surgery of the skull base and temporal bone, the bone tissue can vary considerably from the very spongy and trabecular bone of the mastoid cavity to the extremely dense bone encountered in the otic capsule or diseased stapes footplate as in otosclerosis. In particular, studies which have examined the use of lasers for performing stapedotomy operations in animals or cadaveric human tissue have all overlooked the issue of bone density and architecture (8,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15).…”