CNV and temporal uncertainty with ‘ageing’ and ‘non-ageing’ S1–S2 intervals

Reweighting sequential effects across different distributions of foreperiods: Segregating elementary contributions to nonspecific preparation

“…Under a uniform FP distribution, this conditional probability is low after the offset of S 1 , increases as critical moments are bypassed without occurrence of S 2 , to reach unity prior to the last critical moment. Consistent with this proposal, it has been shown that the FP-RT function becomes about flat when an exponential FP distribution is used, such that the conditional probability of S 2 occurrence during FP is equal for each critical moment (e.g., Näätänen, 1971;Trillenberg, Verleger, Wascher, Wauschkuhn, & Wessel, 2000). In spite of its parsimony, this proposal has a major shortcoming, however.…”

“…In particular, it has been shown that the FP-RT function becomes flatter to the extent that the FP distribution becomes more positively skewed (i.e., by increasing the probability that S 2 occurs at relatively early critical moments; e.g., Baumeister & Joubert, 1969;Näätänen, 1971;Trillenberg et al, 2000;Zahn & Rosenthal, 1966) and steeper to the extent that the FP distribution becomes more negatively skewed (i.e., by increasing the probability that S 2 occurs at relatively late critical moments; e.g., Baumeister & Joubert, 1969;Zahn & Rosenthal, 1966).…”

“…It is possible that the distribution of FP guides the participant's strategy of temporal orienting (e.g., Milliken, Lupiáñez, Roberts, & Stevanovski, 2003;Trillenberg et al, 2000). This is a viable possibility, because cuing studies have shown that valid preknowledge about the duration of the impending FP helps participants compensate for the negative influences of preceding long FPs (Los & Heslenfeld, 2005;Los & Van den Heuvel, 2001).…”

Intentional and Unintentional Contributions to Nonspecific Preparation: Electrophysiological Evidence.

“…If the strength of temporal orienting and ensuing nonspecific preparation develops in accordance with this conditional probability, the classical FP-RT function readily follows. Support for this view stems from the observation that the FP-RT function becomes flat when a nonaging distribution of FPs is used, such that the conditional probability of S 2 occurrence is constant after S 1 (e.g., Näätänen, 1971;Trillenberg, Verleger, Wascher, Wauschkuhn, & Wessel, 2000). Perhaps for this reason, the idea that temporal orienting is driven by the conditional probability of S 2 occurrence has been very influential (e.g., Luce, 1986;Sperling & Dosher, 1986).…”

Temporal preparation improves temporal resolution: Evidence from constant foreperiods

“…For example, research employing foreperiod designs demonstrated a variety of motor-related variables that are affected by temporal preparation-for example, RT (e.g., Karlin, 1959;Klemmer, 1956;A. F. Sanders, 1980; see also Niemi & Näätänen, 1981), response force (e.g., Mattes & Ulrich, 1997), reflex amplitudes (Brunia, Scheirs, & Haagh, 1982;Requin, Bonnet, & Semjen, 1977), motor-evoked potentials (Hasbroucq, Kaneko, Akamatsu, & Possamaï, 1997), and the contingent negative variation (Gaillard & Näätänen, 1973;Loveless & Sanford, 1974;Trillenberg, Verleger, Wascher, Wauschkuhn, & Wessel, 2000). More recent work in the field of temporal preparation addressed the question of whether, in addition to motor-related behavior, premotor processing might be enhanced by preparation.…”