Clustering of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Blood Pressure Control Status in Hypertensive Patients

Abstract

Objective Hypertensive patients have multiple risk factors such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hyperuricemia in addition to components of metabolic syndrome. The morbidity of cardiovascular diseases is expected to increase synergistically by clustering of them. In the present study, we assessed the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors and blood pressure (BP) control status in hypertensive patients. Methods and Patients Subjects were 699 treated hypertensive patients (mean age: 65 ± 12 years; males 297, females 402) who had been followed at National Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka, Japan. We assessed the status of BP control and the presence of comorbidity including obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, CKD and hyperuricemia. Results Average BP level and the number of antihypertensive drugs were 133 ± 11/74 ± 10 mmHg and 2.0 ± 1.1, respectively and the average number of cardiovascular risk factors was 1.5 ± 1.1. No comorbid risk factors were found in 18.7% of the patients. On the other hand, 34.2%, 28.9% and 18.2% of the patients had one, two or more than three risk factors, respectively. There were no significant differences in BP among these groups, while patients with three or more risk factors needed a greater number of antihypertensive drugs than those with other groups. Patients with three or more risk factors group showed significantly higher body mass index, serum LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, plasma glucose and serum uric acid levels compared to those with other groups (p<0.05, respectively). They also showed significantly lower serum HDL cholesterol and estimated GFR levels compared to those in other groups (p<0.05, respectively). Conclusion These results suggest that the majority of the treated hypertensive patients are complicated with additional cardiovascular risk factors and the patients with clustering risk factors required a greater number of antihypertensive drugs. Integrative management of BP as well as comorbid risk factors should be encouraged.

Hypertension Management and Factors Associated with Blood Pressure Control in Jordanian Patients Attending Cardiology Clinic

“…Our data are in agreement with the finding from the Framingham Heart Study that almost 80 % of patients with hypertension had at least one additional cardiovascular risk factor, while 30 % of men and 32 % of women with hypertension had three or more additional risk factors [15]. Our data also support results from other studies that more than 50 % of hypertensive patients had diabetes, dyslipidemia, or obesity [14,16].…”

“…Clustering of three or more metabolic syndrome components increases the incidence of cardiovascular disease, and the identification and management of additional risk factors should be encouraged to prevent cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients [14]. Among hypertensive patients in our study, 96.6 % had one or more and 27.4 % had three or more additional risk factors.…”

Further Assessment of Atrial Fibrillation as a Risk Factor for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Multicenter Questionnaire Survey

“…200 mg/dL, an HbA1c level of ! 6.5% and/or current antidiabetic medication use (12). Dyslipidemia was defined as an LDL cholesterol level of !…”

“…Dyslipidemia was defined as an LDL cholesterol level of ! 140 mg/dL, an HDL cholesterol level of <40 mg/ dL or the prescription of lipid-lowering agents (12,13). AF patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease, an episode of mitral valve replacement or valvuloplasty were excluded.…”

Tabagismo, consumo de álcool e atividade física: associações na síndrome coronariana aguda

“…The grouping of some of these factors are associated with the need for greater number of antihypertensive drugs. (5) Risk factors for cardiovascular disease have received particular attention from governmental organizations, and health systems, providing priority attention to the reduction of chronic diseases. (6) The modifiable risk factors such as smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diets and the harmful use of alcohol -we highlight the possibility of being minimized from the pursuit of healthy behaviors acquired by the individual.…”