Clove oil as an anaesthetic for adult sockeye salmon: field trials

Abstract

Wild migrating sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka exposed to 20, 50 and 80 mg l 1 of clove oil could be handled within 3 min, recovered within 10 min, and survived 15 min exposure trials. Fish tested at 110 mg l 1 did not recover from 15 min exposure trials. Response curves developed for induction and recovery time considered the following predictors: clove oil concentration, sex, fish length and depth. A significant positive dependence was observed between induction time and fish length for 20, 50 and 80 mg l 1 test concentrations; no dependence was observed between induction time and length at 110 and 140 mg l 1 . Recovery time differed as a function of clove oil concentration, but not fish size. A concentration of 50 mg l 1 is recommended for anaesthetizing sockeye salmon ranging in length from 400 to 550 mm at water temperatures averaging 9-10 C.

The efficacy of clove oil as an anaesthetic and in euthanasia procedure for small-sized tropical fishes

“…The same study found that Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) of different body sizes did not differ in induction times (as we found for Hyphessobrycon sp.2). Of the few studies that have assessed the relationship between fish size and recovery time, two found no relationship (Hoskonen and Pirhonen, 2004;Prince and Powell, 2000), and one found that larger individuals had quicker recovery times than smaller ones (Woody et al, 2002). This parallels the current results for Hyphessobrycon sp.1 and Hemigrammus sp.…”

“…Furthermore, individuals from Hyphessobrycon sp.1 specie used in treatment D3 are statically lower than treatment D1 and D2. Studies analyzing the effect of standard length on induction and recovery times have reported conflicting results (Prince and Powell, 2000;Walsh and Pease, 2002;Woody et al, 2002;Hoskonen and Pirhonen, 2004;Perdikaris et al, 2010). As with our dissenting results for Hyphessobrycon sp.1 and Hemigrammus sp., larger bodied Whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) had shorter induction times than smaller ones, while the opposite occurred in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (Hoskonen and Pirhonen, 2004).…”

“…Although we did not observe a negative relationship between concentration and induction time for all treatments, a concentration-dependant pattern is well known (Soto and Burhanuddin, 1995;Keene et al, 1998;Hisano et al, 2008;Woody et al, 2002;Walsh and Pease, 2002), including for other types of anaesthetics (Silva et al, 2013), so that increasing anaesthetic dose results in a decreased induction time (Hoskonen and Pirhonen, 2004;Roubach et al, 2005;Öğretmen et al, 2014). It was, consequently, unexpected that the longest induction time for Hyphessobrycon sp.1 and Hemigrammus sp., were observed with treatment D2 .…”

“…Smaller fishes respond to lower concentrations than larger fishes, thus the effect of clove oil will vary depending on the fish species and their sizes (Woody et al, 2002;Ross and Ross, 2008). Although clove oil is broadly utilized, information on its anesthetic effects on small fishes from tropical regions is currently lacking (Lucena et al, 2013).…”

Use of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) to induce anaesthesia in Puntius denisonii (Day, 1865) (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), a threatened barb of the Western Ghats, India

“…Similar observations were made by Grzegorz et al (2006) on Cyprinus carpio L. and Inoue et al (2003) on juveniles of matrinxa Brycon cephalus. Prolonged recovery time with increased anaesthetic dosage has been reported in seven species of tropical reef teleosts (Cunha & Rosa 2006), Oncorhynchus nerka (Woody et al 2002), Rachycentron canadum (Gullian & Villanueva 2009) and Dawkinsia filamentosus (Pramod et al 2010).…”