Cloud Point Extraction and Determination of Trace Iron(III) in Urine Samples by Spectrophotometry and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Abstract

Cloud point technique used effectively for extraction and pre-concentration of iron(III) in the urine samples of occupational workers prior measured by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry and UV-visible spectrophotometer. The metal responds with benzidine as reagent in a non-ionic surfactant Triton X-114 medium. The main factors affecting cloud point extraction efficiencies, such as pH of sample solution, concentration of benzidine reagent, type of surfactant, concentration of Triton X-114, effect of salt out, influence of interferences and impact of equilibration temperature and time were studied. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.25-3.0 µg mL -1 with r 2 = 0.9655 for UV-visible spectrophotometer at λmax 425 nm. The limit of detection was 0.25 µg mL -1 . The relative standard deviation for six replicates was 3.071 %.

Voltammetric Method for Determining Ferric Ions with Quercetin

“…Many analytical methods for determining ferric ions have been reported including high‐performance liquid chromatography [10], chemiluminescence [11], potentiometric titration [12], UV‐visible spectrophotometry [2, 13–15], spectrofluorimetry [3, 16–18], atomic absorption spectrometry [19], inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [20, 21] and voltammetry [22–31]. Whereas some of those methods pose certain disadvantages – time‐intensive analysis and matrix interference – that require sophisticated, expensive equipment as well as time‐consuming extraction and pre‐concentration, voltammetric ones are relatively inexpensive, fast, selective and sensitive.…”

A Simple Pre-concentration Method for the Determination of Nickel(II) in Urine Samples Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Techniques

“…CPE has been carried out according to the following aliquots of 10 mL of the working solution containing 0.5 ppm of Ni(II), 0.25 mL of 1% (w/v) PAP reagent and then left for 30 min to complete the reaction with 0.5 mL of 20% ( Schematic diagram for proposed mechanism of Ni(II)-PAP complex separation via the CPE method [22] diluted to 10 mL using deionized water then placed in the super mixer to mix the solution. After this, the mixture was held in a water bath at 50 °C for 10 min.…”

“…4Zwitterionic surfactants have one cationic center and one anionic part [21]. CPE is applied to determine trace element concentrations such as Fe(III) [22] and Se(II) [23].…”

Aspirin in Food Samples for Separation and Micro Determination of Copper(II) Using Cloud Point Extraction/Solvation Method

“…Different techniques were examined for copper pre-concentration and separation in different environmental and organic matrices. Methods as solvent micro extraction [7,8], also used another ion [9], solid phase extraction (SPE) [10], inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [11], ion chromatography [12], flame and graphite furnace atomic absorbing spectrometry [13] and spectrophotometric methods [14][15] and cloud point extraction (CPE) [16], [17] were described for this purpose. Nevertheless, extraction methods such as LLME or SPE, have most amounts of biological solvent that are particularly toxic volatile, flammable and destructive to the surroundings [18], or large volumes of eluents to guarantee the whole backextraction of the interested analytes, correspondingly.…”