Closing the loop: life cycle assessment and optimization of a PEMFC platinum-based catalyst recycling process

Duclos, Lucien; Chattot, Raphaël; Dubau, Laëtitia; Thivel, Pierre-Xavier; Mandil, Guillaume; Laforest, Valérie; Bolloli, Marco; Vincent, R S; Švecová, Lenka

doi:10.1039/c9gc03630j

Cited by 36 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Recently, more sustainable and mild Pt recycling methods as selective electrochemical dissolution, bio-leaching, transient dissolution, acid process, or alcohol solvent process are extensively being investigated. These alternative technologies are cleaner, portable, require lower initial economic investment and fit better with the future uses of Pt like PEMFCs and other catalytic processes in the industry that allow, unlike VCCs, a high recovery rate of Pt without degrading completely the support material of the catalytic infrastructure [23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platinum Recovery Techniques for a Circular Economy

et al. 2021

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Platinum and other metals are very scarce materials widely used in the energy and transportation sector among other sectors. Obtaining Platinum is becoming more difficult due to its scarcity on earth and because of the high amount of energy and water used for its extraction. In this regard, the recycling of platinum is necessary for sustainable technologies and for reaching a circular economy towards this expensive and rare metal. Conventional methods for platinum recycling make use of enormous amounts of energy for its recovery, which makes them not very attractive for industry implementation. Furthermore, these processes generate very toxic liquid streams and gas wastes that must be further treated, which do not meet the green environmental point of view of platinum recycling. Consequently, new advanced technologies are arising aiming to reach very high platinum recovery rates while being environmentally friendly and making a huge reduction of energy use compared with the conventional methods. In this review, conventional platinum recovery methods are summarized showing their limitations. Furthermore, new and promising approaches for platinum recovery are reviewed to shed light on about new and greener ways for a platinum circular economy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platinum Recovery Techniques for a Circular Economy

et al. 2021

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“…Leaching of the MEA was performed according to an optimized procedure previously published. [30][31] Briefly, cm² of MEA was treated with 200 mL of aqueous solution containing vol.% H 2 O 2 in HCl mol.L -1 . The leaching step was carried out at 25°C for 5 hours.…”

Section: Leaching Separation and Precipitation Of Metals From Pem Fumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After that, the obtained leachate solution was filtered in a Büchner funnel and analyzed by AAS; concentrations of 1.2x10 -2 and 4.8x10 -3 mol.L -1 for platinum(IV) and cobalt(II) were respectively measured in agreement with the reference study. 30,31 The extraction of metallic ions from solutions A, B and C (composition given in Table 2 the loaded IL-rich phase in AcABS was adapted from a previous work. 25 Briefly, following extraction of metals from leachate C using the [P 44414 ]Cl-HCl-H 2 O AcABS, the IL-rich phase (corresponding to the upper phase) was carefully separated and cooled down to 25°C.…”

Section: Leaching Separation and Precipitation Of Metals From Pem Fumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[24][25][26][27][28][29] Most notably, the electrode material forming the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is composed of highly valuable Pt 3 Co nanoparticles deposited onto a carbon substrate. [30][31] Since both platinum and cobalt were identified as critical metals by the European Commission, 32 finding alternative and sustainable ways of recycling these metals is of the utmost importance to valorize PEMFC technologies in a circular economy context. Platinum is one of the most expensive metals on the market at approximately 27900 $.kg -1 in 2019 whilst the price of cobalt has wildly fluctuated over the last three years, peaking in 2018 at over 94 $.kg -1 before falling to an average of 37.4 $.kg -1 in 2019.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparison of Cobalt and Platinum Extraction in Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids: Implication for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Recycling

Gras

Duclos

Schaeffer

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Starting from a real Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) leachate, separation of the strategic metals platinum(IV) and cobalt(II) was carried out using two distinct strategies applying ionic liquids (ILs), either via solvent extraction (SX) or acidic aqueous biphasic system (AcABS). The versatility of ILs and their ability to provide original solutions to common issues in the field of used device recycling is illustrated, with both approaches critically compared. The highly hydrophobic tetradecylpyridinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C 14 pyr][NTf 2 ]) was synthesized and applied to the separation of Pt/Co. This solvent was able to selectively extract over 98% of Pt(IV) from the PEMFC leachate in one step while leaving Co(II) in the aqueous phase and exhibited the highest reported partition of Pt(IV) in a [NTf 2 ]-based IL. In a second approach, the AcABS based on the fully water-miscible tributyltetradecylphosphonium chloride ([P 44414 ]Cl), HCl and water, is compatible with the concentrated nature of the leachate and extracts both platinum(IV) and cobalt(II) quantitatively. In a second stage, a selective precipitation step enabled the recovery of platinum(IV) in the form of an organometallic complex whilst leaving the co-extracted cobalt(II) in solution. This work represents the 2 first utilization of an AcABS for the recycling of a real waste technological object. These two different types of ILs in both cases resulted in an efficient separation of Pt(IV) from Co(II), using two very different pathways. The merit and transferability of each approach is critically compared, and suggestions are made as to the suitable condition range for each technique.

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“…Energies 2020, 13 LCA methodology relies on a comprehensive footprint analysis of each involved process. To derive fully relevant conclusions, LCA inputs are well-documented data sets which may be difficult to find in the case of new processes that are still poorly established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Road Vehicles and Their Infrastructure: An Option towards an Environmentally Friendly Energy Transition

Béthoux

2020

Energies

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The latest pre-production vehicles on the market show that the major technical challenges posed by integrating a fuel cell system (FCS) within a vehicle—compactness, safety, autonomy, reliability, cold starting—have been met. Regarding the ongoing maturity of fuel cell systems dedicated to road transport, the present article examines the advances still needed to move from a functional but niche product to a mainstream consumer product. It seeks to address difficulties not covered by more traditional innovation approaches. At least in long-distance heavy-duty vehicles, fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are going to play a key role in the path to zero-emissions in one or two decades. Hence the present study also addresses the structuring elements of the complete chain: the latter includes the production, storage and distribution of hydrogen. Green hydrogen appears to be one of the potential uses of renewable energies. The greener the electricity is, the greater the advantage for hydrogen since it permits to economically store large energy quantities on seasonal rhythms. Moreover, natural hydrogen might also become an economic reality pushing the fuel cell vehicle to be a competitive and environmentally friendly alternative to the battery electric vehicle. Based on its own functional benefits for on board systems, hydrogen in combination with the fuel cell will achieve a large-scale use of hydrogen in road transport, as soon as renewable energies become more widespread. Its market will expand from large driving range and heavy load vehicles.

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Closing the loop: life cycle assessment and optimization of a PEMFC platinum-based catalyst recycling process

Abstract: Selective Pt and Co separation has been achieved, recycled Pt/C particles were synthesized, and excellent electrochemical properties have been observed.

Cited by 36 publications

References 32 publications

Platinum Recovery Techniques for a Circular Economy

Platinum Recovery Techniques for a Circular Economy

A Comparison of Cobalt and Platinum Extraction in Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids: Implication for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Recycling

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Road Vehicles and Their Infrastructure: An Option towards an Environmentally Friendly Energy Transition

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