Clinical presentation and diagnosis of calcium deposition diseases

Matrix vesicles from chondrocytes and osteoblasts: Their biogenesis, properties, functions and biomimetic models

“…Indeed, calcium-containing crystals are present in the synovial fluid extracted from the knee joints of up to 70 % of OA patients [175]. Deposits of BCP are also present in periarticular soft tissues and can elicit tendonitis, bursitis and acute calcific periarthritis [174]. Despite the acknowledged role of calcium-containing crystals in OA, their precise role in pathogenesis is still not known.…”

“…Ectopic deposition of calcium-containing crystals occurs in the midzone of the articular cartilage ECM and periarticular soft tissues in several articular diseases. CPPD crystals are almost exclusively located in cartilage ECM and observed in up to 20% of patients with chronic pyrophosphate arthritis at the time of joint replacement [172, 173], in 25% of patients with acute gout-like episodes of inflammation (pseudo-gout), in approximately 5% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in less than 5% of patients with neuropathic osteoarthropathy [174]. BCP and apatite crystals are more widely distributed and found in more types of calcific deposits than CPPD.…”

Causation and management of calcific tendonitis and periarthritis

“…This process relies on cellular mediation, which contributes to both the infiltration and removal of calcium from the area [11]. Further evaluations of the pathomechanics have suggested the involvement of calciumdepositing chemicals, pro-inflammatory and cellular proliferation agents, metabolic factors, and genetic predisposition for calcium deposit formation [7][8][9]12,13]. Calcific tendinopathy has been described as a three-phase (precalcific, calcific, postcalcific) [11] or four-phase process (precalcific, formative, resorptive, healing) [8].…”