2013
DOI: 10.1088/1612-2011/10/2/025604
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Clinical coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and multiphoton tomography of human skin with a femtosecond laser and photonic crystal fiber

Abstract: We report on in vivo coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy (CARS), two-photon fluorescence and second-harmonic-generation imaging on human skin with a novel multimodal clinical CARS/multiphoton tomograph. CARS imaging is realized by a combination of femtosecond pulses with broadband continuum pulses generated by a photonic crystal fiber. The images reveal the microscopic distribution of (i) non-fluorescent lipids, (ii) endogenous fluorophores and (iii) the collagen network inside the human skin in… Show more

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Cited by 63 publications
(44 citation statements)
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References 31 publications
(59 reference statements)
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“…At present SHG is one of the new high-resolution nonlinear-optical imaging methods for the study of intact tissues and cell structures [276][277][278][279][280][281][282][283][284]. Similar to multiphoton fluorimetry, the SHG method has a few important advantages compared to the methods of linear spectroscopy and imaging, since the exciting near infrared light is weakly scattered by the tissue, while the second harmonic generation occurs already inside the tissue, in the small focal region of the focused laser beam.…”
Section: Nonlinear and Raman Microscopymentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…At present SHG is one of the new high-resolution nonlinear-optical imaging methods for the study of intact tissues and cell structures [276][277][278][279][280][281][282][283][284]. Similar to multiphoton fluorimetry, the SHG method has a few important advantages compared to the methods of linear spectroscopy and imaging, since the exciting near infrared light is weakly scattered by the tissue, while the second harmonic generation occurs already inside the tissue, in the small focal region of the focused laser beam.…”
Section: Nonlinear and Raman Microscopymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The SHG in skin is provided, mainly, by the dermis due to its major component, the collagen that possesses considerable nonlinear susceptibility [280][281][282][283]. Obviously, the reduction of scattering due to optical clearing for the incident long-wave light and, particularly, for the short-wave second-harmonic detected light can improve the SG images of the collagen structures of the dermis in the forward direction and worsen the signal in the reflection mode.…”
Section: Nonlinear and Raman Microscopymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several efforts have been undertaken to bring multimodal nonlinear imaging into more clinical applications. [7][8][9] Nonetheless, the widespread transfer to a clinical environment for routine biomedical imaging is still at an early stage. To facilitate this transition, two key aspects have to be taken into consideration in the microscopy platforms design: the detection scheme and laser technology.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…8 CARS can be applied to provide supplementary information on the distribution of lipids in human skin. [9][10][11][12] Lipids are nonfluorescent, but rich in Raman-active CH 2 groups with a stretch vibrational transition at 2845 cm −1 . 13 In human skin, they are, for instance, part of (i) the superficial skin barrier (cholesterol), 14 (ii) the cellular membrane (phospholipids), and (iii) the dermis, stored inside dermal adipocytes as energy reservoirs.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…During the last decade, "CE marked" AF/SHG based tomographs have been developed including systems with an additional CARS option. [10][11][12]20 The certified clinical AF/SHG-CARS tomograph MPTflex CARS (JenLab, Germany) as a mobile flexible nonlinear imaging system not only simplifies in vivo AF/SHG imaging of human skin 9,[24][25][26] but is also a multipurpose system which can be used for small animal research, in vivo stem cell tracking 27 and ex vivo biopsy imaging. Free-space-beam delivery inside an articulated optical mirror arm is provided by active beam position control.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%