Optical clearing of biological tissues: prospects of application in medical diagnostics and phototherapy

Abstract

Abstract.A review of specific features and methods of optical clearing and related interaction of light with tissues is presented. Physical and molecular mechanisms of immersion, compression, and photodynamic/photothermal optical clearing of some fibrous and cellular tissues are discussed. The possibility of efficient control of the tissue optical properties, particularly, the reduction of light scattering in tissues is demonstrated, which facilitates the increased efficiency of various optical visualisation methods (optical biopsy) used in medical purposes. © 2015 Samara State Aerospace University (SSAU).Keywords: tissue, optical clearing, optical diagnostics, imaging. 1, 404-413 (1997). 5. C. L. Smithpeter, A. K. Dunn, A. J. Welch, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Penetration depth limits of in vivo confocal reflectance imaging," Appl. Opt. 37, 2749Opt. 37, -2754Opt. 37, (1998. 6. V. V. Tuchin, L. V. Wang, and D. A. Zimnyakov, Optical Polarization in Biomedical Applications, SpringerVerlag, New York, NY, USA (2006). 7. R. Drezek, A. Dunn, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Light scattering from cells: finite-difference time-domain simulations and goniometric measurements," Appl. Opt. 38(16), 3651-3661 (1999). 8. K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, K. Gossagee, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Reflectance spectroscopy with polarized light:is it sensitive to cellular and nuclear morphology," Opt. Express 5, 302-317 (1999). 9. D. W. Leonard, and K. M. Meek, "Refractive indices of the collagen fibrils and extrafibrillar material of the corneal stroma," Biophysical J. 72, 1382-1387 (1997). 10. A. G. Borovoi, E. I. Naats, and U. G. Oppel, "Scattering of light by a red blood cell," J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 364-372 (1998). 11. A. N. Yaroslavsky, A. V. Priezzhev, J. Rodriguez, I. V. Yaroslavsky, and H. Battarbee, "Optics of blood,"Chap. 2 in Handbook of Optical Biomedical Diagnostics, V. V. Tuchin, Ed., pp. 169-216, PM107 SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA, USA (2002). 12. G. Mazarevica, T. Freivalds, and A. Jurka, "Properties of erythrocyte light refraction in diabetic patients," J.Biomed. Opt. 7, 244-247 (2002). 13. M. Friebel, and M. Meinke, "Model function to calculate the refractive index of native hemoglobin in the wavelength range of 250-1100 nm dependent on concentration," Appl. Opt. 45(12), 2838-2842 (2006). Appl. Opt. 35(19), 3413-3420 (1996). 34. D. Zhu, J. Wang, Z. Zhi, X. Wen, and Q. Luo, "Imaging dermal blood flow through the intact rat skin with an optical clearing method," J. Biomed. Opt. 15, 026008 (2010 241. K. König, G. Flemming, and R. Hibst, "Laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy of dental caries lesion," Cell. Mol. Biol. 44, 1293-1300. 242. E. G. Borisova, T. T. Uzunov, and L. A. Avramov, "Early differentiation between caries and tooth demineralization using laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy," Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 249-253 (2004 -20(12), 1512-1516 (1984). 245. K. Konig, H. Schneckenburger, and R. Hibst, "Time-gated in vivo autofluorescence imaging of dental caries,"Cell. Mol. Biol. 45, 233-239 (1999). 246. E. Borisova, P. Tr...

Morphological Changes in Transplanted Sarcoma S45 at Photodynamic Therapy Using Nanocomposites Based on Gold Nanorods

“…При дальнейшем воздействии на кожу (вплоть до полутора часов) иммерсионного лосьона наблюдается последо-вательное снижение спектра отражения, что свидетельствует о существенном уменьшении транспортного коэффициента рассеяния, т.е. наблюдается так называемый эффект «опти-ческого просветления» кожи и подлежащих слоев биоткани, подробно описанный в работах [31][32][33][34]. Согласно этому эффекту воздействие на кожу биосовместимых растворов с показа-телем преломления большим, чем показатель преломления внутритканевой жидкости, при-водит к частичному замещению внутритка-невой жидкости, снижению светорассеяния и существенному росту глубины проникновения зондирующего излучения.…”

Software development for estimation of optical clearing agent’s diffusion coefficients in biological tissues

“…The treatment of biological tissues and blood with chemical compounds is widely used in many applications of dermatology [1], clinical research [2], and tissue or organ preservation [3]. The efficiency of the treatment can be evaluated and quantified if the diffusion properties of the chemical used are known for the desired tissue.…”

“…By estimating those parameters, it is possible to evaluate the necessary time to turn the tissue more transparent and to quantify that transparency as a function of the agent concentration used to treat the tissue [10]. The optical immersion clearing technique is a method initially described in 1997 [11] and presents great potential to be applied in clinical applications that use optical diagnosis or treatment methods [2]. Such technique originates a decrease in the natural scattering coefficient and an increase of the natural scattering anisotropy factor of the tissue, creating a temporary transparency that can be later reversed [12][13].…”

“…Such treatment is completely reversible by natural rehydration in vivo and by assisted rehydration on ex vivo tissue samples [10]. The potential of the optical immersion clearing technique is very significant to be used with clinical procedures that apply light for diagnostic and treatment purposes [2,7,14].…”

“…This organized data is fitted with a line described by Eq. (2) and during the fitting procedure, we obtain the characteristic diffusion time, τ for the effective flux in the considered treatment. If we have similar time dependencies for other wavelengths we can perform this fitting procedure for each of the wavelengths and then calculate the mean diffusion time value for that particular treatment.…”