Abstract.A review of specific features and methods of optical clearing and related interaction of light with tissues is presented. Physical and molecular mechanisms of immersion, compression, and photodynamic/photothermal optical clearing of some fibrous and cellular tissues are discussed. The possibility of efficient control of the tissue optical properties, particularly, the reduction of light scattering in tissues is demonstrated, which facilitates the increased efficiency of various optical visualisation methods (optical biopsy) used in medical purposes. © 2015 Samara State Aerospace University (SSAU).Keywords: tissue, optical clearing, optical diagnostics, imaging. 1, 404-413 (1997). 5. C. L. Smithpeter, A. K. Dunn, A. J. Welch, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Penetration depth limits of in vivo confocal reflectance imaging," Appl. Opt. 37, 2749Opt. 37, -2754Opt. 37, (1998. 6. V. V. Tuchin, L. V. Wang, and D. A. Zimnyakov, Optical Polarization in Biomedical Applications, SpringerVerlag, New York, NY, USA (2006). 7. R. Drezek, A. Dunn, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Light scattering from cells: finite-difference time-domain simulations and goniometric measurements," Appl. Opt. 38(16), 3651-3661 (1999). 8. K. Sokolov, R. Drezek, K. Gossagee, and R. Richards-Kortum, "Reflectance spectroscopy with polarized light:is it sensitive to cellular and nuclear morphology," Opt. Express 5, 302-317 (1999). 9. D. W. Leonard, and K. M. Meek, "Refractive indices of the collagen fibrils and extrafibrillar material of the corneal stroma," Biophysical J. 72, 1382-1387 (1997). 10. A. G. Borovoi, E. I. Naats, and U. G. Oppel, "Scattering of light by a red blood cell," J. Biomed. Opt. 3, 364-372 (1998). 11. A. N. Yaroslavsky, A. V. Priezzhev, J. Rodriguez, I. V. Yaroslavsky, and H. Battarbee, "Optics of blood,"Chap. 2 in Handbook of Optical Biomedical Diagnostics, V. V. Tuchin, Ed., pp. 169-216, PM107 SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA, USA (2002). 12. G. Mazarevica, T. Freivalds, and A. Jurka, "Properties of erythrocyte light refraction in diabetic patients," J.Biomed. Opt. 7, 244-247 (2002). 13. M. Friebel, and M. Meinke, "Model function to calculate the refractive index of native hemoglobin in the wavelength range of 250-1100 nm dependent on concentration," Appl. Opt. 45(12), 2838-2842 (2006). Appl. Opt. 35(19), 3413-3420 (1996). 34. D. Zhu, J. Wang, Z. Zhi, X. Wen, and Q. Luo, "Imaging dermal blood flow through the intact rat skin with an optical clearing method," J. Biomed. Opt. 15, 026008 (2010 241. K. König, G. Flemming, and R. Hibst, "Laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy of dental caries lesion," Cell. Mol. Biol. 44, 1293-1300. 242. E. G. Borisova, T. T. Uzunov, and L. A. Avramov, "Early differentiation between caries and tooth demineralization using laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy," Lasers Surg. Med. 34, 249-253 (2004 -20(12), 1512-1516 (1984). 245. K. Konig, H. Schneckenburger, and R. Hibst, "Time-gated in vivo autofluorescence imaging of dental caries,"Cell. Mol. Biol. 45, 233-239 (1999). 246. E. Borisova, P. Tr...
A scattering-media-characterization method that uses partially coherent radiation and polarization discrimination of multiply scattered light is described. The method is based on an analysis of the dependence of speckle contrast on the coherence length of the probe light. Polarization discrimination of detected speckles makes it possible to select scattered-light components that propagate in the probed medium at different distances. A theoretical analysis of the polarization-dependent speckle contrast as influenced by the probe-light coherence and parameters of the probed medium is presented. Experimental results obtained with various nondiffuse scattering samples are presented.
The results of an experimental study of the possibilities of monitoring erbium yttrium aluminum garnet laser-mediated ablation of human epidermis with the use of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and spectral polarization techniques are presented. The attenuated total reflection (ATR) method was used for FTIR spectroscopic measurements. Spectral polarization monitoring of the ablation was carried out by analyzing the spectra of the degree of residual linear polarization of a probe light diffusely reflected from the laser-treated region of skin. It was found that the analysis of FTIR spectra allows monitoring of the water and protein contents in the subsurface layers of the treated skin, while the degree of residual polarization measured at the wavelengths of maximal absorption of hemoglobin is sensitive to changes in the epidermis thickness and the blood content in the dermal layer (the degree of erythema).
We report a new method for quantitative analysis of erythema and pigmentation of the human skin using of the skin surface image. The erythema and pigmentation indices as well as the polarization degree of backscattered light are applied as the visualization parameters. The comparative analysis of the quality of various types of images is performed. Quality of reconstructed images was estimated in terms of image contrast. It is shown that the skin image contrast for the case ofthe erythema index as visualization parameter as well as the image contrast for the case ofthe pigmentation index as visualization parameter exceed at least in three times the similar values for the conventional color image or R, G, B image components. Maximum value ofthe contrast can be achieved in the case ofusing the polarization degree as the visualization parameter. The reported method ofskin imaging can be used as an objective tool for diagnostics of the skin diseases.
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