Clinical cases, drug resistance, and virulence genes profiling in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Revival of older antibiotics for the therapy of urinary tract infections: old, but gold Part 1: Antimicrobial susceptibility of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates

“…E. coli and other members of the Enterobacterales order are shown to be successful pathogens in the urinary system, as they possess the relevant virulence factors required to successfully survive on and adhere to urinary epithelium. In addition, after successful adherence, they may also cause damage to the tissues, ascent to the upper urinary tract and cause cUTIs [1][2][3]8]. The following virulence-determinants Table 1.…”

“…were determined having principal roles in the pathogenesis of UTIs: lipopolysaccharide, polysaccharide capsule, outer membrane vesicles, iron-uptake (aerobactin) and siderophore receptors, adhesins, Type-1 fimbriae, cytotoxins and urease production [8,10,28]. These virulence factors are also relevant in their survival on abiotic surfaces, like in hospital wards, catheters [2,8,10,28].…”

“…The most common causes of UTIs are the members of the Enterobacterales order; these bacteria are abundantly present in the gut microbiota within the anatomical vicinity of the genito-urinary tract [1,2]. The most prevalent uropathogen is the uropathogenic Escherichia coli, corresponding to 50-90% of uncomplicated, community-associated UTIs and around 30-70% of nosocomial UTIs [8]. In addition to E. coli, other Gramnegative bacteria, such as Klebsiella spp., members of the CES (Citrobacter-Enterobacter-Serratia) group and the PPS (Proteus-Providencia-Morganella) group, whereas among Gram-positive bacteria, Enterococcus spp.…”

Differential epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of lactose-fermenting and non-fermenting Escherichia coli: Is it just a matter of taste?

“…Members of the Enterobacterales order (previously: the Enterobacteriaceae family (Adelou et al 2016)) are the most frequently associated with UTIs (including E. coli and Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia, Proteus, Morganella and Providencia species) (Park et al 2017;Critchley et al 2019); however, the pathogenic potential of Gram-positive cocci (Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, S. saprophyticus), non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa) (Gajdács et al 2019b) and various yeasts (e.g., Candida species) should also be taken into consideration (Behzadi et al 2015;Gajdács et al 2019c). Nevertheless, the most common bacterial pathogen in UTIs is E. coli (namely uropathogenic E. coli or UPEC, recognized as a separate microbiological entity in the 1970s), corresponding to 70-95% of infections, based on various literature reports (Gajdács et al 2019d;Behzadi 2019;Hozzari et al 2020). E. coli is a commensal microorganism abundantly found in the gastrointestinal tract (producing Vitamin K for the host and having a protective role against other pathogens); however, if these bacteria breach into other anatomical regions, they act as opportunistic pathogens, owing to the plethora of virulence factors they possess (Gajdács et al 2019d;Behzadi 2019;Hozzari et al 2020;Jahandeh et al 2015).…”

“…Nevertheless, the most common bacterial pathogen in UTIs is E. coli (namely uropathogenic E. coli or UPEC, recognized as a separate microbiological entity in the 1970s), corresponding to 70-95% of infections, based on various literature reports (Gajdács et al 2019d;Behzadi 2019;Hozzari et al 2020). E. coli is a commensal microorganism abundantly found in the gastrointestinal tract (producing Vitamin K for the host and having a protective role against other pathogens); however, if these bacteria breach into other anatomical regions, they act as opportunistic pathogens, owing to the plethora of virulence factors they possess (Gajdács et al 2019d;Behzadi 2019;Hozzari et al 2020;Jahandeh et al 2015). E. coli is considered a biochemically active microorganism, while the hallmarks of biochemical identification include the ability to ferment lactose (lac +) and the decomposing of tryptophan into indole (Toledo and Trabulsi 1983).…”