The Role of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Urinary Tract Infections: Current Concepts and Therapeutic Options

Increasing relevance of Gram-positive cocci in urinary tract infections: a 10-year analysis of their prevalence and resistance trends

“…Also, the selection bias of publication should also be noted, as most studies describing the prevalence of infectious diseases are tertiary-care centers or specialized centers, corresponds to patients with more severe conditions or underlying illnesses 75 . Nevertheless, the information presented in this report should be useful in both national and international comparisons for epidemiological purposes; additionally, the resistance trends presented here may aid clinicians in the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy 76 .…”

<p>Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics of Invasive and Hypervirulent <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> Infections in a Teaching Hospital in China</p>

“…As an essential substance of K. pneumoniae, the capsular polysaccharide has 82 serotypes (K1-K82). 11,23 Previous studies have reported that the dominant serotypes of HvKP are mainly K1 and K2. 6,24 The majority of serotypes of HvKP in this study were K2 (27.5%, 25/81), followed by K1 (24.2%, 22/81), and K57 (21.9%, 20/81).…”

The Pathogenic Role of Actinomyces spp. and Related Organisms in Genitourinary Infections: Discoveries in the New, Modern Diagnostic Era

“…Until recently, the general dogma among clinicians and microbiologists was that the urine is normally sterile and that the normal flow of urine usually prevents bacteria from infecting the urinary tract [118,119]. In case of urinary retention, the abnormal flow of urine allows for bacteria to adhere to the epithelial lining and subsequently infect the urinary tract [120,121]. Thus, it is plausible that a similar mechanism contributes to the pathological processes associated with urinary tract actinomycosis [122].…”

“…Further investigations to detect A. schaalii in combination with the leukocyte count in the urine of vulnerable group patients suffering from urinary tract infection should be considered. Urine samples are usually only incubated in ambient air conditions for 24 hours or less, and the recognition of fastidious organisms, such as A. urogenitalis, A. schaalii, A. urinae, A. sanguinicola, may be missed altogether [121]. They are, however, most likely under-diagnosed in urine cultures, since most clinical microbiological laboratories routinely only use aerobic growth conditions.…”