Climate Change and Citrus

Shafqat, Waqar; Naqvi, Summar Abbas; Maqbool, Rizwana; Haider, Muhammad Salman; Jaskani, Muhammad Jafar; Khan, Iqrar Ahmad

doi:10.5772/intechopen.95488

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Citrus is an important horticultural crop with a long life cycle, as is one of the most widely planted fruit trees in the world [ 1 ]. Citrus plants are mainly planted in mountains and hills, and they are extremely susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as high temperatures, droughts, cold, diseases, and pests, all of which reduce fruit quality and affect the development of the citrus industry [ 2 , 3 ]. The lane late navel orange ( Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb) is an important cultivar in the middle region of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Endophytic Fungi Activate Leaf Antioxidant Defense System of Lane Late Navel Orange

Xie

Rahman³

et al. 2022

JoF

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and endophytic fungi collectively symbiose well with plants and, thus, stimulate plant growth; however, it is not clear whether field inoculation of the fungi enhances the resistance potential of plants, particularly in citrus. In the present study, we inoculated AM fungi (Acaulospora scrobiculata, Diversispora spurca, and D. versiformis) and endophytic fungi (Piriformospora indica) on an eight-year-old lane late navel orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb) trees grafted on Poncirus trifoliata in a field, and we analyzed the response of the leaf antioxidant defense system. Approximately 2 years after inoculation, the root fungal colonization rate and soil hyphal length significantly increased. Fungal inoculation significantly increased the activity of leaf antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, and the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as reduced ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione. As a result, fungi-inoculated plants maintained lower concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radicals and lower levels of membrane lipid peroxidation (according to malondialdehyde level) in leaves than uninoculated plants. Among them, inoculation of D. spurca and A. scrobiculata showed relatively higher effects in enhancing the antioxidant defense system than the other fungi. Furthermore, inoculation of D. spurca induced expressions of CsFe-SOD, CsMn-SOD, CsPOD, CsCAT1, and CsPRR7; inoculation of A. scrobiculata and D. versiformis induced expressions of CsCAT1; CsCAT1 and CsPOD were also induced by inoculation of P. indica. All four inoculations almost upregulated expressions of CsFAD6. AM fungi had superior effects than endophytic fungi (e.g., P. indica). According to our findings, inoculation with beneficial fungi, specifically mycorrhizal fungus D. spurca, activated the antioxidant defense system of field citrus trees, thus, having potentially superior resistance in inoculated plants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Endophytic Fungi Activate Leaf Antioxidant Defense System of Lane Late Navel Orange

Xie

Rahman³

et al. 2022

JoF

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“…In this study, plants were submitted to low water levels (25% and 50% treatments), which promoted a high reduction in plant metabolism due to water deficit, as observed in Figures 8 and 9. The drought affected citrus plant physiology and morphology, leading to stomatal closure and an abrupt decrease in photosynthesis [35,36], ultimately resulting in fruit yield and quality losses [37]. The decrease in canopy temperature is due to transpiration, which cools off the leaf surface, and as the root zone soil moisture is depleted, it induces a decrease in stomatal conductance and transpiration, and consequently an increase in leaf temperature [6,9,38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Thermal Imaging to Assess Water Status in Citrus Plants in Greenhouses

Vieira

Ferrarezi

2021

Horticulturae

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The direct examination of plant canopy temperature can assist in optimizing citrus irrigation management in greenhouses. This study aimed to develop a method to measure canopy temperature using thermal imaging in one-year-old citrus plants in a greenhouse to identify plants with water stress and verify its potential to be used as a tool to assess citrus water status. The experiment was conducted for 48 days (27 November 2019 to 13 January 2020). We evaluated the influence of five levels of irrigation on two citrus species (‘Red Ruby’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)). Images were taken using a portable thermal camera and analyzed using open-source software. We determined canopy temperature, leaf photosynthesis and transpiration, and plant biomass. The results indicated a positive relationship between the amount of water applied and the temperature response of plants exposed to different water levels. Grapefruit and sweet orange plants that received less water and were submitted to water restrictions showed higher canopy temperatures than the air (up to 6 °C). The thermal images easily identified water-stressed plants. Our proof-of-concept study allowed quickly obtaining the canopy temperature using readily available equipment and can be used as a tool to assess citrus water status in one-year-old citrus plants in greenhouses and perhaps in commercial operations with mature trees in the field after specific experimentation. This technique, coupled with an automated system, can be used for irrigation scheduling. Thus, setting up a limit temperature is necessary to start the irrigation system and set the irrigation time based on the soil water content. To use this process on a large scale, it is necessary to apply an automation routine to process the thermal images in real time and remove the weeds from the background to determine the canopy temperature.

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“…ii. Temperature during flowering: extreme temperatures during flowering can affect pollination and fruit set [74]. High temperatures may lead to flower drop, while low temperatures can negatively impact pollen viability and germination.…”

Section: Factors Influencing Flower Bud Initiation and Fruit Setmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology of Citrus Flowering and Fruiting

Mishra,

Jaiswal,

Mohanty

et al. 2024

Physiology

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The physiology of citrus flowering and fruiting is a crucial and multidirectional component of citrus agriculture. It encircles a web of intricate biological processes and factors determining when and how citrus trees flower and produce fruit. These critical factors are temperature and water stress, which profoundly impact flowering initiation. Hormonal regulation, with gibberellins and auxins as primary actors, is associated with the timing and progression of flowering and fruiting. Understanding floral induction mechanisms is essential for optimizing flowering schedules and fruit production since it is the fastest step in the reproductive process. Successful pollination and fruit set are crucial for productive citrus yield. Moreover, environmental variables like temperature, humidity, and nutrient availability substantially influence citrus physiology. In summation, delving into the physiology of citrus flowering and fruiting is essential for effective orchard management, increased fruit harvests, and the cultivation of premium citrus crops. Understanding these physiological aspects is crucial for optimizing citrus orchard management, enhancing fruit yield, and ensuring higher production with better quality citrus fruits.

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Climate Change and Citrus

Cited by 12 publications

References 112 publications

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Endophytic Fungi Activate Leaf Antioxidant Defense System of Lane Late Navel Orange

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Endophytic Fungi Activate Leaf Antioxidant Defense System of Lane Late Navel Orange

Use of Thermal Imaging to Assess Water Status in Citrus Plants in Greenhouses

Physiology of Citrus Flowering and Fruiting

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