City air pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other mutagens: occurrence, sources and health effects

Nielsen, Torben; Jørgensen, Hans Ejsing; Larsen, John Chr.; Poulsen, M.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(96)05189-3

Cited by 246 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…For example, because the BPer content of gasoline exhaust gases is relatively high, it has been suggested that the BPer /B [ a] P ratio may reflect the contribution of gasoline -driven vehicles to atmospheric PAH pollution ( Daisey et al, 1986) . This ratio has been reported to have values above 2.5 in traffic tunnels ( Handa et al, 1980;Kebbekus et al, 1983 ) and in areas with heavy traffic ( Greenberg et al, 1985;Valerio et al, 1992;Brown et al, 1996;Nielsen et al, 1996 ), while a ratio of 4.0 has been reported for automobile exhaust fumes (Grimmer, 1977 ). The BPer /B [ a] P ratio was found to vary significantly between the centre of Copenhagen, suburban, and rural areas, with the centre of the city exhibiting the highest, and rural areas the lowest values (Nielsen et al, 1996 ) .…”

Section: Variables Both Locations Athens Halkidamentioning

confidence: 94%

“…This ratio has been reported to have values above 2.5 in traffic tunnels ( Handa et al, 1980;Kebbekus et al, 1983 ) and in areas with heavy traffic ( Greenberg et al, 1985;Valerio et al, 1992;Brown et al, 1996;Nielsen et al, 1996 ), while a ratio of 4.0 has been reported for automobile exhaust fumes (Grimmer, 1977 ). The BPer /B [ a] P ratio was found to vary significantly between the centre of Copenhagen, suburban, and rural areas, with the centre of the city exhibiting the highest, and rural areas the lowest values (Nielsen et al, 1996 ) . The BPer /B [ a] P ratios observed in the present study ( 2.9 for Athens and 1.7 for Halkida during the winter period) are compatible with traffic, particularly by gasoline -fueled cars, making an important contribution to personal PAH exposure in Athens and a less important contribution in Halkida.…”

Section: Variables Both Locations Athens Halkidamentioning

confidence: 94%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Personal exposures to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece

Georgiadis

Stoikidou

Topinka

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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In the context of a large -scale molecular epidemiology study of biomarkers of genotoxicity of air pollution, 24 -h mean personal exposures to airborne PM 2.5 ( particulate matter < 2.5 m ) and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ( PAHs ) were measured in 194 non -smoking technical institute students living in the city of Athens, Greece ( an area with moderately high levels of air pollution ) and the nearby small town of Halkida anticipated to have lower pollution levels. Extensive information relevant to the assessment of long -term and recent exposure to PAH was obtained from questionnaires as well as a time ± location ± activity diary ( TLAD ) which was kept by all subjects during a 4 -day observation period. During the last 24 h of this period, subjects underwent personal exposure monitoring for PM 2.5 and PAH, while a sample of blood was donated at the end of this period. All subjects were monitored in this way twice; once during a winter season ( October ± February ) and once during the following summer season ( June ± September ) . Nine subjects with plasma cotinine levels above 20 ng / ml were considered as unreported smokers and excluded from the study. Winter PM 2.5 exposures were lower in Athens ( geometric mean 39.7 g / m 3 ) than Halkida ( geometric mean 56.2 g / m 3 ) (P < 0.001 ) , while there was no significant location difference during the summer ( Athens: geometric mean 32.3 g / m 3 , Halkida: geometric mean 32.9 g / m 3 ; P= 0.79 ) . On the other hand, PAH exposures ( sum of the eight carcinogenic PAHs ) were significantly higher in Athens than in Halkida during the winter ( Athens: geometric mean 8.26 ng / m 3 , Halkida: geometric mean 5.80 ng / m 3 ; P < 0.001 ) as well as during the summer ( Athens: geometric mean 4.44 ng / m 3 , Halkida: geometric mean 1.48 ng / m 3 ; P < 0.001 ) . There was a significant difference in the profile of the PAH exposures at the two locations, the proportion of lighter PAH ( benzo This difference appeared to be related to individual exposure to environmental tobacco smoke ( ETS ) , as indicated by ( a ) the correlation at the individual level between the CHRYS / BPer ratio and declared time of recent exposure to ETS as well as plasma cotinine levels, especially during the winter; ( b ) the parallel variation of the mean levels of all three markers ( declared ETS exposure, cotinine levels, CHRYS / BPer ratio ) among three subgroups of subjects ( Athens subjects who had lowest levels of all three markers; Halkida subjects other than those living in the institute campus area; and Halkida subjects living in the institute campus area who had the highest levels of all three markers ) . This demonstrates that ETS can have a distinctive effect on the PAH exposure profile of subjects exposed to relatively low levels of urban air pollution.

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Section: Variables Both Locations Athens Halkidamentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Variables Both Locations Athens Halkidamentioning

confidence: 94%

Personal exposures to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece

Georgiadis

Stoikidou

Topinka

et al. 2001

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Epidemiological studies indicate that exposures to PAHs in air are associated with increases in mortality and/or morbidity from respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, cancer (Taioli et al, 2007), and adverse birth outcomes. Nielsen et al (1996) observed a relative risk for lung cancer of 1.5 in an urban community exposed to air pollution. Airborne PAHs have been implicated in human reproductive effects, notably DNA adducts and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase mutations in newborns, as well as preterm birth and intrauterine growth restriction (Sra´m et al, 1999;Dejmek et al 2000;Perera et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Biomarkers of exposure to combustion by-products in a human population in Shanxi, China

Naufal

Zhu

et al. 2009

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Emissions of complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other compounds into the environment represent a potential threat to the health of humans. Information regarding the dose and duration of exposure is essential to determine the degree of risk and to identify sensitive receptors within a population. Although measurements of chemical concentrations in air may be used to estimate exposures, internal biomarkers provide more accurate information regarding the dose of exposure and retention of toxic chemicals. This study was conducted in a population in rural China exposed to PAHs from a variety of sources. The study population was located in an area known to have an elevated incidence of birth defects. Parents of children born with a neural tube defect (NTD) were recruited as case participants and parents of children born with no visible birth defect were recruited as controls. The study was designed to test the hypothesis that parents of children born with a NTD would exhibit a biomarker of exposure at higher levels than the parents of a child with no visible birth defect. A total of 35 mothers and 32 fathers were recruited as case participants, and 18 mothers and 19 fathers were recruited as control participants. Venous blood was collected from the study participants by hospital staff as soon as possible following the birth of the child. PAHs were isolated from the whole blood by solvent extraction and DNA was isolated from a separate aliquot of blood for 32 Ppostlabeling to measure bulky adducts. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in phase II enzymes were also monitored in an attempt to identify sensitive receptors. Both total and carcinogenic PAH (cPAH) concentrations were elevated in the parents of case children. Both values were elevated significantly in mothers, whereas only cPAH concentrations were elevated significantly in fathers. Levels of DNA adducts were highly variable and displayed a reverse pattern to that of PAH levels in blood. None of the polymorphisms evaluated were correlated with PAH levels or DNA adducts. For mothers, whose total PAH concentration was above the median concentration, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for having a child with a NTD was 8.7. Although this suggests that PAHs may be a contributing factor to the risk of NTDs, the lack of a correlation with DNA adducts would suggest a possible non-genotoxic mechanism. Alternatively, the PAHs may be a surrogate for a different exposure that is more directly related to the birth defects. The results have shown that blood levels of PAHs may be used to identify populations exposed to elevated concentrations of combustion by-products.

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“…BaPeq concentration for each PAHs is calculated by multiplying its concentration with the corresponding toxic equivalent factor (TEF) which represents the relative carcinogenic potency of the corresponding PAHs suggested by Nisbet and LaGoy's TEFs which have been widely used (Nielsen et al, 1996;Chang et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2006;Hong et al, 2007;Akyüz and Çabuk, 2008). The carcinogenic potency of total PAHs can be assessed by the sum of the BaPeq concentrations of each PAHs.…”

Section: Health Risks In Different Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10 at a coal-based industrial city: Implication for PAH control at industrial agglomeration regions, China

Wang

Chen

et al. 2014

Atmospheric Research

131

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City air pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other mutagens: occurrence, sources and health effects

Cited by 246 publications

References 25 publications

Personal exposures to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece

Personal exposures to PM2.5 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their relationship to environmental tobacco smoke at two locations in Greece

Biomarkers of exposure to combustion by-products in a human population in Shanxi, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric PM2.5 and PM10 at a coal-based industrial city: Implication for PAH control at industrial agglomeration regions, China

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