Cinnamaldehyde, Carvacrol and Organic Acids Affect Gene Expression of Selected Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Markers in IPEC‐J2 Cells Exposed to Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract

Essential oils and organic acids are used as feed additives to improve health status and reduce colonization with pathogens. Although bactericidal in vitro, concentrations achieved in the animal gut are probably not lethal to pathogens. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and cinnamic, lactic and propionic acids on the ability of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 (ST) to invade intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC‐J2) and on the expression levels of immune related genes in the cells. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and non‐inhibitory concentration (NIC) were determined and influence on the invasion capacity of ST was investigated. The structure of fimbriae and flagella was analysed by electron microscopy, and expression levels of HSP70, IkBa, IL‐8 and IL‐10 in the IPEC‐J2 cells were carried out by q‐PCR. Cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and cinnamic and propionic acids inhibited ST invasion but not cell viability, bacterial viability and motility or the development of flagella. Propionic acid and cinnamaldehyde in combination with cinnamic acid caused structural impairment of fimbriae. Cinnamaldehyde up‐regulated expression of HSP70 irrespective of the presence of organic acids or ST; exposure to carvacrol induced HSP70 only in the presence of propionic acid and ST. © 2016 The Authors. Phytotherapy Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Possible therapeutic effect of carvacrol on asthmatic patients: A randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled, Phase II clinical trial

“…The levels of IL‐8 and malondialdehyde in COPD guinea pigs were also diminished by carvacrol treatment (Mahtaj et al , ). Anti‐inflammatory activity of carvacrol was also shown by decreased IL‐8/IL‐10 ratio in Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 (ST) invading intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC‐J2) (Burt et al, ). Preventive effect of carvacrol on emphysema in COPD animals was previously documented that may be due to its anti‐inflammatory effect (Gholami Mahtaj et al, ).…”

Short Chain Fatty Acids Commonly Produced by Gut Microbiota Influence Salmonella enterica Motility, Biofilm Formation, and Gene Expression

“…Conversely, in others works with Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 or Vibrio harveyi, the inhibition values and propionic acid of butyric acid, respectively, were between 500 and 100 µg/mL [26,27]. The antimicrobial activity of SCFAs is due to their diffusion across the bacterial membrane into the bacterial cytoplasm, modifying the intracellular pH and the metabolism [7,8].…”

Carvacrol and human health: A comprehensive review

“…Due to the flavoring and antimicrobial activities, in particular, CV has been proposed as a natural food preservative for the food industry (Daferera, Ziogas, & Polissiou, ; Solórzano‐Santos & Miranda‐Novales, ; Salehi, Mishra, et al, 2018). In addition, CV, as a main constituent of plant extracts derived from Zataria multiflora Boiss, Satureja hortensis , and O. vulgare , improves the immune response (Boskabady & Gholami Mahtaj, ; Boskabady & Jalali, ; Boskabady, Tabatabaee, & Jalali, ; Khazdair, Ghorani, Alavinezhad, & Boskabady, ), mediating the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer properties of these plants (Burt et al, ; Fitsiou et al, ; Hashemipour et al, ; Kim, Lillehoj, Lee, Jang, & Bravo, ; Lesjak et al, ; Mahtaj, Feizpour, Kianmehr, Soukhtanloo, & Boskabady, ; Ocaña‐Fuentes, Arranz‐Gutiérrez, Señorans, & Reglero, ; Rajput et al, ; Silva et al, ). The major aim of this review was to provide the most updated evidence, including clinical trials, of CV in human health, with a focus on its pharmacokinetics and safety profile and antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.…”

“…, mediating the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties of these plants (Burt et al, 2016;Fitsiou et al, 2016;Hashemipour et al, 2013;Kim, Lillehoj, Lee, Jang, & Bravo, 2010;Lesjak et al, 2016;Mahtaj, Feizpour, Kianmehr, Soukhtanloo, & Boskabady, 2015; Oca a-Fuentes, Arranz-Gutiérrez, Se orans, & Reglero, 2010; Rajput et al, 2017;Silva et al, 2012). The major aim of this review was to provide the most updated evidence, including clinical trials, of CV in human health, with a focus on its pharmacokinetics and safety profile and antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.…”