Chronic Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Alters Enkephalin mRNA Regulation in the Perinatal Rat Adrenal Medulla

Wong, Theodoric; Wickström, Ronny; Holgert, Hans

doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000057985.43569.95

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(35 reference statements)

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“…1 Duration of RR-intervals (RR q = 0.67, p = 0.03 for nonsmoking mothers; q = 0.39, p = 0.10 for smoking mothers) and total HRV spectral power (TP q = 0.71, p = 0.003 for non-smoking mothers; q = 0.52, p = 0.02 for smoking mothers) at 33-34 week post-conceptional age according to gestational age at birth (nAChR) with a consequent decline of catecholamine synthesis [6]. Such impaired catecholamine synthesis after nicotine exposure during pregnancy has been found in other animal studies [5,6,37]. In human newborns at delivery, epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations in umbilical artery cord blood were significantly lower in the offspring of smokers compared with non-smokers [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Heart rate variability in preterm infants and maternal smoking during pregnancy

et al. 2009

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At 33-34 weeks postconceptional age, the newborns from smoking mothers had lower HRV low frequency power normalised to the total spectral power (LF/TP) than the control group (median values: 8% vs. 15% respectively, p < 0.02). In the non-smoking group, RR-interval values and total HRV power were correlated with gestational age at birth, with a shorter RR and a lower total HRV power in lesser gestational ages (rho = 0.67, p = 0.03, rho = 0.71, p = 0.003 respectively). This correlation was not observed for RR values in the group with smoking mothers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Heart rate variability in preterm infants and maternal smoking during pregnancy

et al. 2009

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“…On the other hand, several studies reported an increase in ppE mRNA in the striatum and hippocampus after nicotine administration as well as in nicotine withdrawal [33,34] . Nicotine has been shown to alter levels of Met-and Leu-enkephalin not only in nervous tissue but also in peripheral tissues such as adrenal medulla, spleen, heart and salivary glands [35,36] . However, a relationship between nicotine and ppE expression in PBMC was previously unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a relationship between nicotine and ppE expression had been described previously [32][33][34][35][36] , we investigated the influence of smoking habits on ppE expression. When looking at all participants as a single group, smoking and the average number of cigarettes smoked per day were significantly positively correlated with ppE expression (rho = 0.289, p = 0.007).…”

Section: Expression Of Ppe Mrna In Pbmcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preproenkephalin Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Acutely Underweight and Recovered Patients with Anorexia Nervosa

Weiss¹,

Infante-Duarte

Salbach‐Andrae³

et al. 2010

Neuropsychobiology

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Background: The prohormone preproenkephalin (ppE) and its derived peptides are involved in leukocyte functioning as well as in the regulation of hunger and satiety. Various abnormalities of the immune and endocrine systems have been described in states of malnutrition such as anorexia nervosa (AN). We hypothesized that ppE expression in AN patients may vary depending on the state of the disorder and the extent of malnutrition. Methods: Expression of ppE mRNA was analysed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 29 underweight and 29 weight-recovered patients with AN and compared to that in 29 healthy control women. The extent of malnutrition was characterized by BMI and plasma leptin. Psychological distress and eating disorder specific-psychopathology was determined with the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised and the Eating Disorders Inventory-2. Results: ppE gene expression was similar in all 3 groups and was not related to nutritional status or eating disorder symptoms. However, a significant negative correlation was found between ppE expression and obsessive-compulsive, depressive and anxious symptoms. In addition, ppE expression was higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. Conclusion:Although malnutrition and hypoleptinaemia as seen in patients with AN were not related to peripheral ppE expression, we demonstrated reduced ppE expression in patients with elevated psychological distress. Similar associations have been shown in animal models of stress. It remains speculative if psychological symptoms and/or stress may augment immune abnormalities in AN patients via a pathway that is independent of nutritional status and involves ppE.

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“…Infants of mothers who smoked during pregnancy showed a significantly lower increase in heart rate in comparison to infants of non-smoking mothers (20). Those findings could be explained by the enhanced inhibitory receptors on the smoke-exposed infant's heart and a dampened response to circulating catecholamines (31,32). Nicotine exposure in pregnant rats led to a shift in expression of autonomic receptors in the offspring's heart, with a greater proportion of receptors with inhibitory effects on the heart (32).…”

Section: Physiological Abnormalities In Infants Of Mothers Who Smokedmentioning

confidence: 91%

The Role of Maternal Smoking in Sudden Fetal and Infant Death Pathogenesis

2020

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Maternal smoking is a risk factor for both sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and sudden intrauterine unexplained death syndrome (SIUDS). Both SIDS and SIUDS are more frequently observed in infants of smoking mothers. The global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy is 1.7% and up to 8.1% of women in Europe smoke during pregnancy and worldwide 250 million women smoke during pregnancy. Infants born to mothers who smoke have an abnormal response to hypoxia and hypercarbia and they also have reduced arousal responses. The harmful effects of tobacco smoke are mainly mediated by release of carbon monoxide and nicotine. Nicotine can enter the fetal circulation and affect multiple developing organs including the lungs, adrenal glands and the brain. Abnormalities in brainstem nuclei crucial to respiratory control, the cerebral cortex and the autonomic nervous system have been demonstrated. In addition, hypodevelopment of the intermediolateral nucleus in the spinal cord has been reported. It initiates episodic respiratory movements that facilitate lung development. Furthermore, abnormal maturation and transmitter levels in the carotid bodies have been described which would make infants more vulnerable to hypoxic challenges. Unfortunately, smoking cessation programs do not appear to have significantly reduced the number of pregnant women who smoke.

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Chronic Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Alters Enkephalin mRNA Regulation in the Perinatal Rat Adrenal Medulla

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Heart rate variability in preterm infants and maternal smoking during pregnancy

Heart rate variability in preterm infants and maternal smoking during pregnancy

Preproenkephalin Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Acutely Underweight and Recovered Patients with Anorexia Nervosa

The Role of Maternal Smoking in Sudden Fetal and Infant Death Pathogenesis

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