“…Several maternal factors may increase the likelihood of preterm birth including smoking during pregnancy (Simpson, 1957; Schwartz et al, 1972; Berkowitz and Papiernik, 1993; Kaminski, 1997; Shah and Bracken, 2000; Bada et al, 2005; Kyrklund-Blomberg et al, 2005; Ng and Zelikoff, 2007; McCowan et al, 2009; Thiriez et al, 2009), age greater than 35 years (Cnattingius et al, 1992; Fraser et al, 1995; Gilbert et al, 1999; Ananth et al, 2001; Jacobsson et al, 2004), metabolic syndrome (Rey and Couturier, 1994; Catov et al, 2007a,b, 2008, 2010; Edison et al, 2007; Gilbert et al, 2007; Salihu et al, 2008; Chatzi et al, 2009; Ehrenberg et al, 2009; Johnson et al, 2009b), poor nutritional status (Cogswell et al, 2003; Siega-Riz et al, 2006; Bodnar et al, 2010; Czeizel et al, 2010) and mental health (Blondel et al, 1990; Oakley et al, 1990; Bryce et al, 1991; Hedegaard et al, 1996). Several of these factors can also modulate the level of maternal inflammation during pregnancy.…”