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Lynskey, Michael T.; Lyons, Michael J.; Eisen, Seth A.; Tsuang, Ming T.; True, William R.; and Bucholz, Kathleen K., ,"Adolescent alcohol use is a risk factor for adult alcohol and drug dependence: Evidence from a twin design." Psychological Medicine.36,1. 109-118. (2005 Adolescent alcohol use is a risk factor for adult alcohol and drug dependence : evidence from a twin design

PURPOSE Recent results suggests the risk of a new onset of depression increases with longer duration of opioid analgesic use. It is unclear whether new-onset depression related to opioid analgesic use is a function of the dose prescribed or the duration of use or both.METHODS Using a retrospective cohort design, we collected patient data from 2000 to 2012 from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), and from 2003 to 2012 from both Baylor Scott & White Health (BSWH) and the Henry Ford Health System (HFHS). Patients (70,997 VHA patients,13,777 BSWH patients,and 22,981 HFHS patients) were new opioid users, aged 18 to 80 years, without a diagnosis of depression at baseline. Opioid analgesic use duration was defined as 1 to 30, 31 to 90, and more than 90 days, and morphine equivalent dose (MED) was defined as 1 to 50 mg/d, 51 to 100 mg/d, and greater than 100 mg/d of analgesic. Pain and other potential confounders were controlled for by inverse probability of treatment-weighted propensity scores.RESULTS New-onset depression after opioid analgesic use occurred in 12% of the VHA sample, 9% of the BSWH sample, and 11% of the HFHS sample. Compared with 1-to 30-day users, new-onset depression increased in those with longer opioid analgesic use. Risk of new-onset depression with 31 to 90 days of opioid analgesic use ranged from hazard ratio [HR] = 1.18 (95% CI, 1.10-1.25) in VHA to HR = 1.33 (95% CI, 1.16-1.52) in HFHS; in opioid analgesic use of more than 90 days, it ranged from HR = 1.35 (95% CI, 1.26-1.44) in VHA to HR = 2.05 (95% CI, 1.75-2.40) in HFHS. Dose was not significantly associated with a new onset of depression.CONCLUSIONS Opioid-related new onset of depression is associated with longer duration of use but not dose. Patients and practitioners should be aware that opioid analgesic use of longer than 30 days imposes risk of new-onset depression. Opioid analgesic use, not just pain, should be considered a potential source when patients report depressed mood. Ann Fam Med 2016;14:54-62. doi: 10.1370/afm.1885. INTRODUCTIOND epression co-occurs with chronic noncancer pain 1,2 and is known to be associated with opioid use. Patients with chronic noncancer pain and depression are more likely than those without depression to receive opioids, 3 have a longer duration of use, 4,5 take them at higher morphine equivalent doses (MEDs), 6 and misuse and or abuse opioids. 7,8 A review of psychopathology in pain 9 suggests the opioid epidemic in the United States reflects underdetected and undertreated mental illness in patients with chronic pain.Every year more than 200 million prescriptions for opioids are written in the United States. 10 Known consequences of this opioid epidemic include abuse and accidental overdose.11-13 A less understood adverse outcome and emerging line of inquiry is the association between opioid use and risk of depression. In a study of nearly 50,000 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patients, opioid analgesic use of longer than 180 14 In a prospective study of chronic pain patients, thos...

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Men who reported cardiovascular disease were significantly more likely to have depression symptoms. The lifetime co-occurrence of these phenotypes is partly explained by common genetic risk factors.

Objective: To evaluate the possible association between maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) and offspring outcomes of birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct problems (CD) while controlling for similar behaviors in parents. Methods: Using telephone interviews, data were collected, in 2001 and 2004, as a part of two U.S. offspring-of-twins projects. Fathers, who were twins participating in the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, their female spouse and their offspring were interviewed – information on 1342 unique pregnancies in mothers with a history of regular smoking was utilized for these analyses. The association between MSDP and birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder while controlling for similar behaviors in parents, was examined using regression. Results: MSDP was associated with decreased birth weight, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking and ADHD. However, the association between MSDP and offspring ADHD was explained by maternal ADHD. MSDP was also associated with earlier age of offspring initiation of smoking and onset of regular smoking. Conclusions: MSDP may influence certain offspring outcomes via mechanisms that are independent from genetic risk attributable to comorbid conditions. Assisting expecting mothers with their smoking cessation efforts will likely provide widespread health benefits to both mother and offspring.

The correlation between PG and MD in middle-aged men appears to be largely influenced by overlapping genetic factors. Future research is needed to determine the extent to which these findings extend to other groups (eg, women), identify specific genes, and generate improved prevention and treatment strategies.