Chronic inflammation: importance of NOD2 and NALP3 in interleukin-1β generation

Abstract

SummaryInflammation is part of the non-specific immune response that occurs in reaction to any type of bodily injury. In some disorders, the inflammatory process -which under normal conditions is self-limiting -becomes continuous and chronic inflammatory diseases might develop subsequently. Pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) represent a diverse collection of molecules responsible for sensing danger signals, and together with other immune components they are involved in the first line of defence. NALP3 and NOD2, which belong to a cytosolic subgroup of PRMs, dubbed Nod-like-receptors (NLRs), have been associated recently with inflammatory diseases, specifically Crohn's disease and Blau syndrome (NOD2) and familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome and chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome (NALP3). The exact effects of the defective proteins are not fully understood, but activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kB, transcription, production and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1b and activation of the inflammasome are some of the processes that might hold clues, and the present review will provide a thorough update in this area.

Therapeutic potential of naringin: an overview

“…Inflammation is a part of the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells or irritants (Ferrero-Miliani et al 2007). Although inflammation is a normal response to tissue injury, if uncontrolled, it can lead to chronic autoimmune diseases, and anti-inflammatory compounds may be needed to control the inflammatory response Naringin did not inhibit cell proliferation but did restrain the production of regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) via inhibition of the nuclear translocation of NF-jB in a human epidermal keratinocytes cell line (HaCaT cells) (Habauzit et al 2011).…”

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Heme Oxygenase-1 TowardPorphyromonas gingivalisLipopolysaccharide in Macrophages Exposed to Gomisins A, G, and J

“…Periodontitis can develop into various systemic diseases, leading to stroke and adverse pregnancy outcomes. [1][2][3] Local inflammation is a beneficial response when triggered by infection; however, excessive or dysregulated inflammatory response can lead to disease. P. gingivalis is a Gram-negative bacterium that forms communities and is frequently found in the human oral cavity.…”

“…Acute inflammation involves the initiation of cell protection and healing at the injury site, whereas chronic inflammation, which affects tissues, can cause serious damage such as cancer. 1 Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory periodontal disease. It is not life-threatening, but once it develops, it affects the tissue supporting the teeth, leading to tooth loss.…”

Targeting the inflammatory pathways to enhance chemotherapy of cancer

“…4 Inflammation is a protective tissue response of the host immune system against infection or injury. 3,5,6 It is usually characterized by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling and loss of function. Inflammation is regarded as a "secret killer" and an inflammatory component is present in the microenvironment of most neoplastic tissues, including some in which a direct causal relationship with inflammation has not yet proven.…”