Chromatographic analysis of penicillins in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids

Abstract

Natural penicillin (benzylpenicillin) is the oldest antibiotic observed by Alexander Fleming in 1928. To broaden its spectrum of activity, natural penicillin was modified, giving rise to a group of antibiotics under the name 'penicillins'. Although an increasing number of bacteria appear to be resistant to them, penicillins are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections including Gram-positive, Gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Consequently, they are widely used in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and treat diseases. This review covers the analytical methodologies, mainly chromatographic, employed to the penicillins determination in pharmaceutical formulations, biological fluids and in production-scale fermentations reported in the literature. Results of published assays are comparatively presented focusing on sample preparation regarding isolation and purification, chromatographic conditions and method validation. Information on chemical structure, spectrum of activity and action mechanism of common penicillins has also been given.

Research progress in electroanalytical techniques for determination of antimalarial drugs in pharmaceutical and biological samples

“…[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] However, last few decades witnessed an upsurge in electrochemical methods for the detection and determination of these compounds. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a clinical strategy that measures drug concentration in a patient's bloodstream to monitor its compliance, efficacy and toxicity, thus optimizing and managing individual medication regimen.…”

Analysis of 12 beta-lactam antibiotics in human plasma by HPLC with ultraviolet detection

“…HPLC methodology for all these analytes exists in the literature, although too numerous to recite here; in recent years the bioanalysis of the penicillins and the Cephalosporins have been reviewed [7,8]. Whilst the patients in our project would usually be administered only one of the antibiotics at a time, and we are only interested in measuring one antibiotic in each sample, for the purposes of simplicity and efficiency we desired the minimum number of methods for measuring our multiple analytes.…”

On the use of Kinetex™‐C18 core‐shell 2.6 µm stationary phase to the multiclass determination of antibiotics

“…Penicillins' determination in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids is based mainly on reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using bonded silica analytical columns. From the currently available methods 90% use C 18 columns, 7% use C 8 and 3% use other types of analytical columns, such as CN, SCX, MAX, MIP, cyclodextrin, etc 8. The same conclusion can also be drawn for food samples (fish, milk), in cattle, pig, and chicken tissues (muscle, kidney, liver), animal feed 9–12…”