Choosing Balance: Weighing (quan) as a Metaphor for Action in Early Chinese Texts

Abstract

Texts from the Zhou and Han periods regularly use the term quan “to weigh” when describing or prescribing human action. This essay seeks to determine precisely which concrete acts of weighing underlie the metaphoric application of the term to human action. A survey of the available textual and archaeological evidence shows that even before the Eastern Han, when steelyards became the most common weighing device, the act of weighing might have been executed and conceptualized in multiple ways. A similar conclusion is drawn from a survey of pictorial and literary references to metaphoric weighing in non-Chinese traditions. More precisely, I suggest three distinct possibilities: matching the object to be weighed with a known standard, determining which of two objects weighs heaviest, and, lastly, seeking the point at which the balance beam will gain or recover balance.Early Chinese texts provide examples of all three (quan A, B, and C). Quan B became prominent especially during the 3rd century B.C.E., when persuaders discussed how every choice had negative as well as positive consequences. Quan A and C are attested in texts usually dated to the 4th century B.C.E. or before. In this essay I argue that it is quan C that became the dominant metaphor in moral-political discourse, and that it had two competing interpretations: it could refer either to the multiple ways in which a sage adapts his actions to the circumstances, or to a temporary lifting of moral standards during an emergency. Whereas scholars in the Han and Qing dynasties generally accepted that moral rules were not absolute, Song scholars were scandalized by the notion that deviations from the rule were part and parcel of moral action.

Weighty Matters

“…On a final note, we emphasize that we do not preclude the possibility that importance and weight can also be metaphorically connected. Heaviness is a fundamental human experience that is reflected in both language and metaphors across cultures as different as ancient Greece and ancient China (Skutsch, 1936;Vankeerberghen, 2006). It stands to reason that people use such weight-related metaphors to structure importance-related information.…”

Weight as an Embodiment of Importance

“…Furthermore, many languages and cultures use weight as a metaphor for the importance of abstract issues (cf. Skutsch, 1936; Vankeerberghen, 2006). The metaphoric use of weight suggests that the association between weight and importance has developed from a concrete link to a conceptual relationship on an abstract level (cf.…”

Bidirectional semantic associations between social power and weight

“…These associations stem from language. The original meaning of quan is “the counterpoise of the steelyard” ( chengchui , , one type of weight used to balance a pair of scales) (Vankeerberghen, ). In ancient Chinese, quan () means weight, a meaning whose significance is twofold.…”