Chlorpyrifos Induced Dermal Toxicity in Albino Rabbits

Abstract

Organophosphates being acetylcholine esterase inhibitors are immoderately used as insecticides on a variety of agriculture crops. Toxicity of such compounds like chlorpyrifos (CPF) poses serious health issues to the individuals at risk. The concentrations below the probable occupational exposure were selected to ascertain the extent of dermal damage in experimentally exposed animals. To determine CPF induced dermal toxicity, a total of 24 adult albino rabbits of both genders and of the same age group was categorized as group A and B, respectively. Group A was further sub grouped into A1 (all males) and A2 (all females). Similarly, group B was divided into B1 (all males) and B2 (all females). Four different dosing sites of one square inch each were selected. For naked topical CPF application, each animal of sub group A1 and A2 topically dosed 500µl of 20%, 30% CPF ethanolic solution, its commercial formulation and ethanol (control) on four dosing sites separately. The dosage of CPF solutions (20% & 30%), commercial formulation and ethanol (control) were repeated every 24 hours for 72 hours and observed for 96 hours. Similar groups were made for occluded topical CPF. Treated animals were observed for gross dermal lesions (erythema scoring of varying grades). Skin tissues from treated sites were taken and processed for histopathological and morphometric changes. Erythema scoring was increased in animals treated with high doses of CPF both in different concentration and commercial preparations in a dose dependent response. The number of layers of erythema in chemically exposed skins of rabbits was also increased in dose dependent response both in naked and occluded groups. The dermal insult induced in both exposure concentrations at par with the commercial preparation indicated the level of toxicity of this compound and public health consequences might be predicted.

Chlorpyrifos Induces Metabolic Disruption by Altering Levels of Reproductive Hormones

“…Respiratory paralysis and death appear after excessive exposure to CPF. , In addition to neurotoxicity of CPF, CPF can also induce a number of additional toxicity effects on humans and animals. Many studies in rats showed that CPF can induce visceral organ histopathological damage, embryotoxicity, gut microbiota disruption, teratogenicity, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity in mammals. − For example, researchers suggested that CPF can significantly elevate serum AST, ALT, ALP, urea, and creatinine concentration in rats, which means liver and kidney damage in CPF-treated rats . Similar with histopathological damage, CPF can reduce phagocytic activity of macrophages and directly injury blood cells or indirectly harm spleen function and then led to immunotoxic effects on rats .…”

“…Meanwhile, CPF can also disrupt the normal gut microbiota composition, impair intestinal integrity, and increase lipopolysaccharide levels in mice . Not only in rat but also in rabbit, CPF can induce dermal toxicity through increase dermal thickness and hyperkeratosis in naked and occluded . On the other hand, clinical and epidemiology studies suggest that human exposure to CPF at a low-dose level can lead to health damage, such as chronic degenerative diseases and cancer .…”

“…7 Not only in rat but also in rabbit, CPF can induce dermal toxicity through increase dermal thickness and hyperkeratosis in naked and occluded. 14 On the other hand, clinical and epidemiology studies suggest that human exposure to CPF at a low-dose level can lead to health damage, such as chronic degenerative diseases and cancer. 20 Not only in mammal studies, some ecotoxicological research relates to amphibians and fish and also suggests that CPF can significantly disrupt hematological and seral biochemical component levels of oreochromis mossambicus, alter the brain function by up-regulating the expression of bdnf and c-fos in adult zebraf ish, damaged visceral organ histopathology of crab ailchiopsis collastinensis and the antioxidant system in freshwater crab.…”

Exposure to Sub-Acute Concentrations of Glyphosate Induce Clinico-Hematological, Serum Biochemical and Genotoxic Damage in Adult Cockerels

“…Agriculture sector is the main and important source of variety of pesticides contaminations, those reach to adjacent water sources and their residues in different food crops lead to cause toxicological effects on exposed and non target species (Teixeira et al, 2018). Mostly, the farmers use pesticides and herbicides frequently and constantly without adopting the manufacture procedures and the RESEARCH ARTICLE increase of volumes used have led to scenarios of constant and diffused environmental contamination (Riaz et al, 2018).…”

Exposure to Chlorpyrifos Alters Proliferation, Differentiation and Fatty Acid Uptake in 3T3-L1 Cells

“…Although it is well established that OPs are neurotoxic due to the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase [6], CPF can also induce oxidative stress, disrupt the synthesis of macrobiomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, affect the release and uptake of neurotransmitters, interact with various enzymes, disrupt neuronal differentiation, and affect signaling pathways [7,8]. Research indicates that CPF may be embryotoxic, teratogenic, or genotoxic; it may disrupt the immune system; and it may well be associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. It was also shown that CPF is hepatotoxic [9,16].…”