Chloroplast DNA evolution and systematics of Phanerophlebia (Dryopteridaceae) and related fern genera

Abstract

Restriction site variation in chloroplast DNA was examined in the neotropical fern genus Phanerophiebia and in selected species of the related Asiatic genus Cyrtomium and the cosmopolitan progenitor of these two, Polystichum. The chloroplast genome has been shown to possess great potential as a tool for the assessment of evolutionary relationships among plants. Physical and gene mapping and/or comparative analysis of restriction endonuclease site mutations have been used by many workers to study problems at both specific and generic levels in various plant groups (1-10). The latter approach is particularly well suited for studies of evolutionary divergence within species complexes, and the highly conserved nature of chloroplast DNA and relatively low levels of homoplasy facilitate the construction of relatively unambiguous phylogenies using cladistic analysis.

Paraphyly of Cyrtomium (Dryopteridaceae): evidence from rbcL and trnL-F sequence data

“…All members of subseries Balansana and Cyrtogonellum caducum had leaves with pinnatifid apices, while having one or two rows of sori was shared by subseries Balansana and all species of Cyrtogonellum. Reticulate venation was shared by Cyrtomium including subseries Balansana and Cyrtogonellum fraxinellum, but this character probably evolved independently in the CyrtogonellumBalansana subclade and the Cyrtomium s.s. clade, as in Phanerophlebia (Yatskievych et al 1988). The uncorrected sequence divergence between Cyrtogonellum and subseries Balansana was smaller than the average divergence between Cyrtogonellum and Cyrtomium.…”

“…Our molecular analyses supported the treatment of Kung (2001). Yatskievych et al (1988) suggested the maternal heredity of chloroplasts in Dryopteridaceae. The consistency of chloroplast sequences of two species implies that C. falcatum is likely the female parent of C. devexiscapulae.…”

“…Kramer (1990) included Cyrtomium, Cyrtogonellum, Cyrtomidictyum, and Phanerophlebia in Polystichum Roth. Based on chloroplast DNA restriction site mutations, Yatskievych et al (1988) proposed that Cyrtomium and Phanerophlebia are convergent descendants from different progenitor groups in Polystichum. Based on rbcL sequences, Little and Barrington (2003) suggested that Cyrtomium and Phanerophlebia were distinct monophyletic groups and recognized a clade containing Cyrtomium lepidocaulon and its two allies in the monophyletic genus Polystichum.…”

A well-sampled phylogenetic analysis of the polystichoid ferns (Dryopteridaceae) suggests a complex biogeographical history involving both boreotropical migrations and recent transoceanic dispersals

“…Haplopolystichum by 24 accessions. Cyrtomium (sensu Zhang and Barrington, 2013b) and Phanerophlebia are both monophyletic (Li et al, 2008;Lu et al, 2005;Yatskievych, 1996;Yatskievych et al, 1988) and geographically more or less restricted to East Asia and southwestern U.S.A. to Central America, respectively. Therefore, we included only three species of Cyrtomium and two of Phanerophlebia in this study.…”

Molecular Systematics of Plants

“…Thus, the cytoplasmic donors of allopolyploid ferns should not be considered "maternal parents" as they are in analyses of allopolyploid angiosperms for which maternal inheritance of cpDNA has been demonstrated. Cytoplasmic donors have been identified for the allotetraploids Phanerophlebia juglandifolia and P. auriculata (Yatskievych et al, 1988) and Hemionitis pinnatifida (Ranker et al, 1989), although the second diploid parent has not been identified for any of these tetraploids. Allozymic data have confirmed that the diploid progenitors of the allotetraploids Polystichum californicum and P. scopulinum are P. dudleyi and P. imbricans and P. lemmonii and P. imbricans, respectively (P. .…”