Chitosan Nanoparticle as a Delivery System for Polyphenols From Meniran Extract (Phyllanthus Niruri L.): Formulation, Optimization, and Immunomodulatory Activity

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to formulate meniran extract into polymeric nanoparticles. Better stability of active substances in formulas compared to unformulated extracts is expected to increase immunomodulatory activity.
 Methods: Nanoparticles were formulated using ionic gelation method with chitosan and tripolyphosphate polymers. Optimize the mixture of nanoparticles using simplex lattice design (SLD) with the help of Design-Expert (DX) software. Evaluation of particle size and potential zeta using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Interactions between components were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and morphology of the lyophilization results observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Immunomodulatory tests using the latex assay method. The parameters tested included phagocytosis index, phagocytic activity, and nitric oxide secretion.
 Results: The optimum mixture of the formulation process was obtained in the composition of chitosan 0.270 %, extract 0.626 %, and tripolyphosphate 0.074 % with desirability value of 0.841. Optimal response with particle size 434.7±3.90 d. nm, polydispersity index 0.285±0.03 and entrapment efficiency 62.98±0.65 %. The zeta potential value in the optimum formula is 11.9±0.1 mV with a positive charge. Phagocytosis index and phagocytic activity of nanoparticles differed significantly (p<0.05) compared with unformulated extracts.
 Conclusion: Meniran extract was successfully formulated into polymeric nanoparticles using chitosan-tripolyphosphate polymer. The developed nanoparticles have the immunomodulatory activity that is better than unformulated extract.

Immunomodulatory Activity of Muntingia Calabura L. Fruits Using Carbon Clearance Assay and Their Total Flavonoid and Phenolic Contents

“…In many researches show that in vitro tests flavonoids show a relatively high immunomodulatory activity, but when tested in vivo, sometimes the immunomodulatory effect is low, this is because the solubility of flavonoids in water is low even in the form of glycosides. The mechanism of absorption of flavonoids in the gastrointestinal system causes a number of flavonoids to be absorbed in the small intestine [29,30].…”

Optimization transdermal patch of polymer combination of chitosan and HPMC-loaded ibuprofen using factorial designs

“…Spectra patterns from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR-ATR) instrumentation can be used to study the physical and chemical interactions between drugs and additives (Pratiwi et al, 2019). The interaction between ibuprofen and the polymer was evaluated qualitatively by observing changes in peaks and shifts in specific wavenumbers.…”

“…Chitosan is hydrophobic, has antimicrobial activity, and is quickly processed in various products. Chitosan also has good stability and low toxicity (Pratiwi et al, 2019). HPMC is hydrophilic, easily hydrated by water, so it expands easily and accelerates drug release.…”

Application of Factorial Design for Optimization of PVC-HPMC Polymers in Matrix Film Ibuprofen Patch-Transdermal Drug Delivery System

“…The complete design of FD 2 2 is obtained based on the values of the upper and lower ranges of orientation. A model for optimization using the DoE approach can provide accurate prediction results by evaluating parameters such as Press, R 2 , adjusted R 2 , predicted R 2 , and adequate precision [23,24,25]. The model in each response meets the criteria if the difference between the adjusted R 2 and predicted R 2 values is not more than 0.2.…”

“…IR spectra patterns are beneficial in studying interactions between drugs and other components in a formula [24]. Fig.…”