Chitosan Nanoencapsulated Exogenous Trypsin Biomimics Zymogen-Like Enzyme in Fish Gastrointestinal Tract

Abstract

Exogenous proteolytic enzyme supplementation is required in certain disease conditions in humans and animals and due to compelling reasons on use of more plant protein ingredients and profitability in animal feed industry. However, limitations on their utility in diet are imposed by their pH specificity, thermolabile nature, inhibition due to a variety of factors and the possibility of intestinal damage. For enhancing the efficacy and safety of exogenous trypsin, an efficient chitosan (0.04%) nanoencapsulation-based controlled delivery system was developed. An experiment was conducted for 45 days to evaluate nanoencapsulated trypsin (0.01% and 0.02%) along with 0.02% bare trypsin and 0.4% chitosan nanoparticles against a control diet on productive efficiency (growth rate, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio), organo-somatic indices, nutrient digestibility, tissue enzyme activities, hematic parameters and intestinal histology of the fish Labeo rohita. All the synthesized nanoparticles were of desired characteristics. Enhanced fish productive efficiency using nanoencapsulated trypsin over its bare form was noticed, which corresponded with enhanced (P<0.01) nutrient digestibility, activity of intestinal protease, liver and muscle tissue transaminases (alanine and aspartate) and dehydrogenases (lactate and malate), serum blood urea nitrogen and serum protein profile. Intestinal tissues of fish fed with 0.02% bare trypsin showed broadened, marked foamy cells with lipid vacuoles. However, villi were healthier in appearance with improved morphological features in fish fed with nanoencapsulated trypsin than with bare trypsin, and the villi were longer in fish fed with 0.01% nanoencapsulated trypsin than with 0.02% nanoencapsulated trypsin. The result of this premier experiment shows that nanoencapsulated trypsin mimics zymogen-like proteolytic activity via controlled release, and hence the use of 0.01% nanoencapsulated trypsin (in chitosan nanoparticles) over bare trypsin can be favored as a dietary supplement in animals and humans.

Efficiency of GnRH–Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Inducing LH Secretion and Fertile Ovulations in Protocols for Artificial Insemination in Rabbit Does

“…The variation in the size of nanoparticles after loading (increase or decrease) could be related to many factors including the type of loaded molecules, type of carrier molecules, the preparation conditions, and the surface charge (zeta potential). Kumari et al [20] noted that the increased diameter of ChNPs after trypsin loading might be due to the size and the molecular weight of the enzyme during the loading process and adsorption on the ChNP surface. However, in our study, the increase in GnRH-ChNP size could be ascribed to the occurrence of aggregation between GnRH-ChNPs.…”

Tamarind Trypsin Inhibitor in Chitosan–Whey Protein Nanoparticles Reduces Fasting Blood Glucose Levels without Compromising Insulinemia: A Preclinical Study

“…Empty nanoparticles (CW) without TTI were also prepared, using a 1:1 ( w / w ) ratio of encapsulating agents. The chitosan purification step was performed based on Kumari et al [21] with modifications proposed by Queiroz et al [16].…”

Dietary supplementation of exogenous carbohydrase enzymes in fish nutrition: A review

“…A number of polymeric compounds and lipids are being used in the medical field to improve the delivery efficiency of enzymes, drugs and other compounds. In this regard, Kumari et al (2013) developed an efficient chitosan nanoencapsulation-based controlled delivery system for enhancing the efficacy of exogenous trypsin in fish gastrointestinal tract. The results of a 45-day feeding trial with Rohu (L. rohita) showed that nanoencapsulated trypsin mimics zymogen-like proteolytic activity via controlled release improving growth rate and nutrient digestibility.…”