Dietary supplementation of exogenous carbohydrase enzymes in fish nutrition: A review

Improving high soy feed formulations for the Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus through newer soy products and carbohydrase supplementation

“…Although several studies have shown increases in growth, carbohydrate digestibility, and phosphorus and nitrogen retention (Castillo & Gatlin III, 2015), our results showed limited effects in Florida pompano. These newer soybean products are an attempt to improve on an already widely used alternative protein source by reducing the antinutritional factor content and/or increasing the digestibility of soybean carbohydrates.…”

“…Results such as these are not uncommon in aquaculture diets involving the use of carbohydrases (Castillo & Gatlin, 2015), but their use in aquatic feeds is not widespread and more research is needed to understand the best methods for application and the mechanisms by which carbohydrases can improve aquatic feeds. Results such as these are not uncommon in aquaculture diets involving the use of carbohydrases (Castillo & Gatlin, 2015), but their use in aquatic feeds is not widespread and more research is needed to understand the best methods for application and the mechanisms by which carbohydrases can improve aquatic feeds.…”

Exogenous enzymes as functional additives in finfish aquaculture

“…The reasons why they are used are manifold and include the following: To increase the feed utilization and digestibility. A large number of scientific work have shown the performance benefits of enzymes when supplemented into fish diet (Ai et al, ; Castillo & Gatlin, ; Kemigabo et al, ; Lin et al, ; Magalhaes et al, ; Yan et al, ). Previous studies have shown that non‐starch polysaccharides in plant cell walls can combine with a large amount of water, increase the viscosity of digestive tract chyme, prevent sufficient contact between nutrients and endogenous digestive enzymes, and thus limit the utilization of proteins, starches and other nutrients.…”

Fulfilling the Potential of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Enzymes as Feed Additives for Aquaculture

“…The enzyme phytase has been effectively incorporated into poultry and swine (Humer et al ) and aquaculture feeds (Lemos and Tacon ) and has notably improved the utilization of phosphorus found in plant‐derived meals that are used as sources of dietary protein. The use of carbohydrases in the feeds of different fish species has yielded mixed results, some of which may be found in differences in digestive physiology or simply differences in methodological approach (Castillo and Gatlin ). For exogenous enzymes as additives, a commercial production strategy that is applied to the manufacture of terrestrial animal feeds, that is, pelletization, is not readily transferrable to aquafeeds manufactured by an extrusion process.…”

“…The positive benefits of the use of feed additives for aquaculture are undeniable. An impressive amount of knowledge has been gained over the past 10–15 yr as evidenced in recent reviews devoted to probiotics (Ringø et al ; Lakshmi et al ), prebiotics (Gatlin ; Hoseinifar et al ), and exogenous carbohydrase enzymes (Castillo and Gatlin ). We are at a crossroads wherein a notable gap between science‐based knowledge and successful practical application needs to be closed.…”