Chiral catalytic activities in magnetoelectrochemical etching

Examination of the Extinction Process of Ionic Vacancy by the Cyclotron MHD Electrode

“…Process A is the decay to the initial state, and process B is the conversion to nanobubbles by the collision of created vacancies with returning vacancies in the cyclotron MHDE, which depends on the cell constant. As discussed in the forgoing paper (12), the cell constant implies the collision efficiency of the ionic vacancies, so that it can be said that the vacancies are consumed as nanobubbles with increasing collision efficiency (8). At a cell constant of 1.0, the collision perfectly takes place, so that from this ultimate state, in copper deposition from a copper sulfate solution, the formation time of the nanobubble is estimated as 0.072 s. On the other hand, the intrinsic lifetime of the ionic vacancy is obtained at a cell constant of zero.…”

“…Then, finally, at the highest range of magnetic field, according to each case, a completely inviscid piston flow emerges. According to the change in flow mode, the diffusion current is expressed by different equations of magnetic flux density (12). In the viscid flow, the current is represented by…”

“…In Fig. 2, the observed sizes of the ionic vacancies are compared with theoretical calculations (8,12). Dashed lines are the theoretical lines.…”

“…Finally, the extinction rate of the ionic vacancy in the volume element is written by ( ) From Eqs. [12] to [15], we can obtain the mass balance equation of the ionic vacancy in the concentric element 1243. Then, integrating the resulting equation from 0 to 2π with regard toφ , we obtain the following creation-extinction equation.…”