Nanobubble formation from ionic vacancies in an electrode reaction on a fringed disk electrode under a uniform vertical magnetic field – 2. Measurement of the angular velocity of a vertical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow by the microbubbles originating from ionic vacancies

Theory of Chiral Electrodeposition by Chiral Micro-Nano-Vortices under a Vertical Magnetic Field -1: 2D Nucleation by Micro-Vortices

“…Plainly, an ionic vacancy plays a role of an atomic scale lubricant, so that a vacancy layer formed on the electrode provides a free surface without friction, and the viscosity of the layer drastically decreases to zero. Such features have been validated by various experiments [3][4][5][6]. In an electrode reaction under a vertical magnetic field, as shown in Figure 2, a macroscopic tornado-like rotation called the vertical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow (VMHDF) emerges over a disk electrode with a fringe (fringed vertical MHD electrode (fringed-VMHDE)).…”

“…Plainly, an ionic vacancy plays a role of an atomic scale lubricant, so that a vacancy layer formed on the electrode provides a free surface without friction, and the viscosity of the layer drastically decreases to zero. Such features have been validated by various experiments [3][4][5][6]. electrode reactions.…”

“…In accordance with a vertical MHD flow (VMHDF) examined elsewhere [6], we introduce a simple model applicable to the three generations under assumptions of continuous fluid: On the electrode surface, as shown in Figure 3a, two types of solution layers are formed; the upper thick layer rotates around a z-axis, and in view of the pinning effect of the downward vortices, the thin lower layer is assumed stationary. The electrode surface is covered with ionic vacancies produced by electrode reactions, which are iso-entropic, making the surface free without friction in 2D nucleation.…”

“…In an electrode reaction under a vertical magnetic field, as shown in Figure 2, a macroscopic tornado-like rotation called the vertical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow (VMHDF) emerges over a disk electrode with a fringe (fringed vertical MHD electrode (fringed-VMHDE)). In the preceding papers [5,6], the processes of the MHD rotation and the resulting mass transfer have been clarified. The electrode surface is covered with ionic vacancies, providing a free surface without friction.…”

“…Such chirality of the vortices is caused by the precession from the VMHDF [8,19]. The rotational direction of the VMHDF is determined by the direction of the vertical magnetic field [5,6]; upward and downward magnetic fields provide the anticlockwise (ACW) and clockwise (CW) rotations, respectively. From these experimental results, it is concluded that the rotation of a VMHDF induces chiral precessions of the micro-and nano-MHD flows, which in turn produce chiral screw dislocations with chiral activities.…”