Chinese regional energy efficiency change and its determinants analysis: Malmquist index and Tobit model

An analysis of eco-efficiency in energy use and CO2 emissions in the Swedish service industries

“…In the energy analysis, this technique has been applied e.g. Zhou et al [88] that presented a Malmquist CO 2 emission performance index for measuring changes in total factor carbon emission performance over time and Lv et al [51] analysed total factor energy efficiency for 30 Chinese provinces. The method was originally proposed by Caves et al [10]; and was further established by Fare et al [26] to measure for technological and efficiency changes.…”

China’s regional energy and carbon dioxide emissions efficiency evaluation with the presence of recovery energy: an interval slacks-based measure approach

“…The existing approaches in energy efficiency evaluation can be generally classified into four groups. The first attempts to minimize energy consumption in the process of efficiency evaluation while keeping non-energy inputs and desirable outputs constant Zhang et al 2011;Lv et al 2015). Unfortunately, this approach measures energy efficiency without taking undesirable outputs such as CO 2 emissions into consideration.…”

Railway transportation and environmental efficiency in China

“…Following the existing literature (Rasche and Tatom, 1977;Halkos and Tzeremes, 2009;Lv et al, 2012;Song et al, 2014), we uses labor force, capital stock and energy consumption as input variables, GDP serves as the desirable output, Carbon dioxide emissions and Sulfur dioxide emissions are as the undesirable outputs. More details are shown in Table 1.…”