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Migration to urban centres is among the most important forces in contemporary urban studies. In this paper, we study how the demography and epidemic profile of a community are altered when they transition from living in nomadic conditions in a forested environment to a peri-urban settlement in a city of the Amazon basin. We analyse demographic and epidemic data with a multilevel model to understand individual and community-level effects in terms of the risk of malarial infection. We show that malaria becomes endemic when the population settles in the peri-urban area of the city. We also show that the reproductive rate of women in the group increases as they become sedentary, and that while individual fertility rates have no effect on risk of contracting malaria, population-level fertility rates are associated with malaria endemicity.KeyworDS Amazon / Colombia / demography / malaria / migration / peri-urban / public health I. IntroDuCtIonSince 1900, the total global malarious land area has almost halved, being reduced from 77.6 million square kilometres in 1900 to 39.8 million in 2010. (1) However, almost half of the world population lives at risk of contracting malaria, with a 2015 estimate of 212 million cases per year. (2) Today 3.41 billion people are exposed, more than three times the 892 million exposed in 1900. (3) The decline in malarial incidence and areas at risk, combined with general increases in at-risk populations, suggests the transformation of malaria's epidemiological characteristics. That is, malarial infection risk has become more intense in circumscribed areas around the world.Actual incidence of malarial infection has been declining in the world over the past few decades, but often re-emerging in locations where it was no longer a persistent problem, as shown by the data collected by Nájera et al. (4) about the most severe epidemics in the world during the 20th century. Five countries (India, the former USSR, Brazil, Ethiopia, Sri Lanka) have had epidemics with more than 1 million cases and more

This paper measures energy efficiency development in non-energy-intensive sectors (NEISs) in Germany and Colombia from a production-based theoretical framework using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Using data from the German and Colombian Annual Surveys of Industries from 1998 to 2005, the analysis compares energy efficiency performances in German and Colombian NEISs at two levels of aggregation and then applies several alternative models. The results show considerable variation in energy efficiency performance in the NEISs of both countries. Comparing the results across models, it was found that in the German and Colombian NEISs, the measures of energy efficiency are similar, indicating that an appropriate combination of technical efficiency and cost minimisation are necessary to improve energy efficiency. However, energy efficiency based on cost minimisation is greater in both countries, demonstrating that energy prices in this sector are not the key variable for improving energy efficiency. This is due to the low share of energy costs, making it preferable to change other inputs rather than energy. A second-stage regression analysis reveals that in the German and Colombian NEISs, labour productivity and investments are fundamental to changes in energy efficiency. Finally, the energy efficiency measures of the DEA models show significant correlations with the traditional energy efficiency measure, indicating that energy efficiency as measured through DEA could be complementary to measures of energy intensity when analysing other key elements of energy efficiency performance in the industrial sector.