Child fluorosis in Chhattisgarh, India: A community-based survey

Vilasrao, Gitte Sunil; Kamble, K M; Sabat, Ramanath N

doi:10.1007/s13312-014-0525-6

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Liu et al [ 24 ], through their research, stated that diet might influence the occurrence of fluorosis in men and women based on their sex hormones, or sex-specific genes, which are related to the control of fluorosis. The study observation was contrary to the results of the studies by Sudhir et al [ 25 ], Visalrao et al [ 26 ], etc., where the observed prevalence was higher in boys than girls. This male predominance was explained in a study by Houari et al [ 27 ] as the high testosterone levels in males following birth, concomitant with amelogenesis, may cause a sexual dimorphism in enamel quality.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis Among School Children in Rural Areas of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Sirigala,

Ramani,

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Background Andhra Pradesh (AP) is one of the states in India found to have districts with endemic fluoride and YSR Kadapa district is one among them. Fluorosis is a well-known endemic disease affecting the hard tissues of the human body like teeth and bone and soft tissues like the kidneys, gastrointestinal system, nervous system, etc. Dental fluorosis is being proven as a biomarker for exposure to fluoride. This study evaluated the toxicity of fluoride in drinking water on the teeth (dental fluorosis) and on the bones (skeletal fluorosis) in YSR Kadapa district, AP. Material and methods A cross-sectional study was done in schools in the study areas and a total of 488 school children aged between eight to 14 years were screened for fluorosis. Consent from parents or legal representatives was taken. The information regarding personal details, source of drinking water, diet, and socio-demographic characteristics was obtained from children through a questionnaire. Oral examination of teeth was done to assess dental fluorosis by the Deans's fluorosis index and a general physical examination to assess skeletal fluorosis as per guidelines given by the Central Government of India in the National Program for Prevention of Fluorosis in India. Fluoride in drinking water samples and urine samples of school children was assessed by a fluoride ion meter. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25, (Released 2017; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Descriptive statistics were used to assess the percentage distribution and Chi-square test of Independence for comparison between variables. Results The mean fluoride levels in water in the study areas ranged between 1.5mg/l to 4.2mg/l and there was a prevalence of 44.05% dental fluorosis and 0% skeletal fluorosis in the school children. A total of 48.47% of girls and 40.64% of boys were affected with dental fluorosis. A prevalence of 23.06% mild, 22.1% moderate, 5.31% very mild, and 4.55% severe dental fluorosis was observed in the examined children. Conclusion Our study results showed the presence of dental fluorosis with no clinical evidence of skeletal fluorosis among school children in the YSR Kadapa district of Andhra Pradesh. This indicates the fluoride toxicity on teeth in children confirming the exposure to fluoride in the YSR Kadapa district. So, further long-term follow-up surveys are necessary to evaluate skeletal fluorosis in these children though there was no clinical skeletal fluorosis. This highlights that measures need to be enforced by the local governance for the supply of defluorinated water in these areas.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis Among School Children in Rural Areas of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Sirigala,

Ramani,

et al. 2023

Cureus

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“…Exposed populations in areas of endemic fluorosis have evidenced skeletal and dental fluorosis for several generations, due to chronic exposure to high amounts of fluoride. Additionally, other factors are involved in dental fluorosis including the population’s nutrition, weather conditions, individual susceptibility, biological response, and genetic influence [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Moderate and Severe Dental Fluorosis in the Rural Population of Anantapur, India: Change in Their Biological Susceptibility?

García-Escobar

Valdivia-Gandur

Astudillo-Rozas

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Dental fluorosis affects the quality of life. A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in a community affected by endemic fluorosis for several generations with a conserved biological and social environment. The study included patients from the rural population of Anantapur, India. The Dean index (DI) and the Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index (TFI) were used for fluorosis classification. Additionally, water samples were collected for fluoride analysis, taken from the patients’ living areas. The statistical association between the variables was analyzed. In total, 785 patients between 10 and 60 years old were included in the study (58.7% women and 41.3% men). Fluorosis signs were found in 94.6% of patients examined using the DI and 94.4% using the TFI. Moderate–severe dental fluorosis was observed in 62.8% by DI and 73.1% by TFI consuming untreated water with up to 2.9 ppm of fluoride. Furthermore, moderate–severe dental fluorosis was observed in 33.2% by DI and 39.9% by TFI consuming water with ≤1.5 ppm of fluoride. The high prevalence of moderate–severe dental fluorosis in patients consuming water with a low fluoride concentration suggests that other factors are involved. Biological susceptibility change could play an essential role in the severity of dental fluorosis in populations exposed for several generations, affecting its actual and future quality of life.

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Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries

Iheozor‐Ejiofor

Worthington

Walsh

et al. 2015

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

272

203

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There is very little contemporary evidence, meeting the review's inclusion criteria, that has evaluated the effectiveness of water fluoridation for the prevention of caries.The available data come predominantly from studies conducted prior to 1975, and indicate that water fluoridation is effective at reducing caries levels in both deciduous and permanent dentition in children. Our confidence in the size of the effect estimates is limited by the observational nature of the study designs, the high risk of bias within the studies and, importantly, the applicability of the evidence to current lifestyles. The decision to implement a water fluoridation programme relies upon an understanding of the population's oral health behaviour (e.g. use of fluoride toothpaste), the availability and uptake of other caries prevention strategies, their diet and consumption of tap water and the movement/migration of the population. There is insufficient evidence to determine whether water fluoridation results in a change in disparities in caries levels across SES. We did not identify any evidence, meeting the review's inclusion criteria, to determine the effectiveness of water fluoridation for preventing caries in adults.There is insufficient information to determine the effect on caries levels of stopping water fluoridation programmes.There is a significant association between dental fluorosis (of aesthetic concern or all levels of dental fluorosis) and fluoride level. The evidence is limited due to high risk of bias within the studies and substantial between-study variation.

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Child fluorosis in Chhattisgarh, India: A community-based survey

Abstract: Dental and skeletal fluorosis is endemic among children in the surveyed districts of Chhattisgarh State, and is related to drinking water with fluoride content of =1.5 ppm.

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Prevalence of Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis Among School Children in Rural Areas of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Prevalence of Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis Among School Children in Rural Areas of YSR Kadapa District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Moderate and Severe Dental Fluorosis in the Rural Population of Anantapur, India: Change in Their Biological Susceptibility?

Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries

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