Chemometrics-Based Aroma Discrimination of 14 Egyptian Mango Fruits of Different Cultivars and Origins, and Their Response to Probiotics Analyzed via SPME Coupled to GC–MS

Abstract

The present study investigated the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 14 Egyptian mango specimens collected from three different regions and of different cultivars (cvs). VOCs were extracted via solid-phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The results obtained for sesquiterpene hydrocarbons’ qualitative abundance were represented by 28 peaks, whereas monoterpene hydrocarbons amounted for the highest levels in most of the mango cvs. Multivariate data analyses were employed for sample classification and identification of markers. Unsupervised principal component analysis revealed that “zebdia” cv from the three origins combined together being enriched in terpinolene. Moreover, supervised orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis identified β-terpinene and (Z)-geranylacetone in the premium “awees” cv. The impact of probiotic bacteria on mango juice aroma was further assessed revealing no potential changes in the composition. This study provides the first comprehensive insights into Egyptian mango aroma and reveals that the cv type overcomes the geographical origin in their aroma profile.

A Comparative Metabolomics Approach for Egyptian Mango Fruits Classification Based on UV and UPLC/MS and in Relation to Its Antioxidant Effect

“…In addition, Egyptian mango has acquired a worthy reputation worldwide, possessing various cultivars (cvs.) of unique flavors and tastes [ 4 , 5 ].…”

“…In the case of Egyptian mango fruits represented by its different major cvs., fewer reports have been made in the literature with regard to their phytochemical composition, except for a recent report on its aroma composed of low molecular weight volatile metabolites based on headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with GC/MS [ 5 ], in addition to other studies for mango byproducts, i.e., seed kernel, investigating their antioxidant (e.g., increase in oxidative stability of sunflower oil) and antimicrobial (e.g., against Escherichia coli strain and improvement in shelf lifetime of cow milk) activities [ 24 ]. The work presented herein aimed at further dissecting mango metabolome using an untargeted UPLC/MS- and UV-Vis-based metabolomics approach for phytochemicals profiling and fingerprinting of 17 Egyptian mango cvs.…”

Comparative Metabolite Profiling and Fingerprinting of Medicinal Cinnamon Bark and Its Commercial Preparations via a Multiplex Approach of GC–MS, UV, and NMR Techniques

“…Several VOCs were identified, where ( E )-cinnamaldehyde, linalool, and eugenol were among the chief component by 71.5%, 7.0%, and 4.6%, respectively [ 14 ]. However, head space-solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) was developed as a pre-concentration step and furtherly improved by coupling to GC–MS is a potential analytical method for aromatic herbal products [ 15 ]. Currently, solid-phase microextraction coupled to GC–MS (SPME/GC–MS) is devoted to the analysis of VOCs of low molecular weights.…”

“…Currently, solid-phase microextraction coupled to GC–MS (SPME/GC–MS) is devoted to the analysis of VOCs of low molecular weights. Asides, ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectrometry is advantageously employed as a cheap and non-destructive method for fingerprinting, albeit with its low structural identification power [ 15 , 16 ]. Moreover, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool and has been recently used apart from liquid chromatography coupled to MS (LC/MS) technique for the identification of the key metabolites in different herbal crude extracts evidenced by various 1D and 2D techniques [ 17 ].…”

“…Handling the huge data generated by these platforms represents a challenge for metabolomics experts to extract valuable information aiding in sample classification, standardization, and authentication. Hence, chemometrics and multivariate data analyses (MVA) are potential candidates for such purposes, including unsupervised tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) [ 15 ]. Therefore, metabolomics-based profiling, fingerprinting, and processing of herbal products have been well documented meanwhile for quality assessment purposes, where various direct and indirect analytical platforms are used to target certain classes of phytoconstituents [ 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”