Abstract:We employ chevron-like graphene nanoribbons (GnRs) synthesized by a solution-based chemical route to develop a novel electrochemical sensor for determination of the neurotransmitter epinephrine (EPI). The sensor surface, a glassy carbon electrode modified with GNRs, is characterized by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, which show that the electrode surface modification comprises of bi-dimensional multilayer-stacked GNRs that retain their molecular structure. the char… Show more
“…Sainz et al employed chevron-like GNRs to develop a novel electrochemical epinephrine sensor [ 63 ]. Pulse voltammetry methods obtain a linear concentration range from 6.4 × 10 −6 to 1.0 × 10 −4 M and a detection limit of 2.1 × 10 −6 M.…”
Graphene nanoribbons are a type of graphene characterized by remarkable electrical and mechanical properties. This review considers the prospects for the application of graphene ribbons in biomedicine, taking into account safety aspects. According to the analysis of the recent studies, the topical areas of using graphene nanoribbons include mechanical, chemical, photo- and acoustic sensors, devices for the direct sequencing of biological macromolecules, including DNA, gene and drug delivery vehicles, and tissue engineering. There is evidence of good biocompatibility of graphene nanoribbons with human cell lines, but a number of researchers have revealed toxic effects, including cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Moreover, the damaging effects of nanoribbons are often higher than those of chemical analogs, for instance, graphene oxide nanoplates. The possible mechanism of toxicity is the ability of graphene nanoribbons to damage the cell membrane mechanically, stimulate reactive oxidative stress (ROS) production, autophagy, and inhibition of proliferation, as well as apoptosis induction, DNA fragmentation, and the formation of chromosomal aberrations. At the same time, the biodegradability of graphene nanoribbons under the environmental factors has been proven. In general, this review allows us to conclude that graphene nanoribbons, as components of high-precision nanodevices and therapeutic agents, have significant potential for biomedical applications; however, additional studies of their safety are needed. Particular emphasis should be placed on the lack of information about the effect of graphene nanoribbons on the organism as a whole obtained from in vivo experiments, as well as about their ecological toxicity, accumulation, migration, and destruction within ecosystems.
“…Sainz et al employed chevron-like GNRs to develop a novel electrochemical epinephrine sensor [ 63 ]. Pulse voltammetry methods obtain a linear concentration range from 6.4 × 10 −6 to 1.0 × 10 −4 M and a detection limit of 2.1 × 10 −6 M.…”
Graphene nanoribbons are a type of graphene characterized by remarkable electrical and mechanical properties. This review considers the prospects for the application of graphene ribbons in biomedicine, taking into account safety aspects. According to the analysis of the recent studies, the topical areas of using graphene nanoribbons include mechanical, chemical, photo- and acoustic sensors, devices for the direct sequencing of biological macromolecules, including DNA, gene and drug delivery vehicles, and tissue engineering. There is evidence of good biocompatibility of graphene nanoribbons with human cell lines, but a number of researchers have revealed toxic effects, including cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Moreover, the damaging effects of nanoribbons are often higher than those of chemical analogs, for instance, graphene oxide nanoplates. The possible mechanism of toxicity is the ability of graphene nanoribbons to damage the cell membrane mechanically, stimulate reactive oxidative stress (ROS) production, autophagy, and inhibition of proliferation, as well as apoptosis induction, DNA fragmentation, and the formation of chromosomal aberrations. At the same time, the biodegradability of graphene nanoribbons under the environmental factors has been proven. In general, this review allows us to conclude that graphene nanoribbons, as components of high-precision nanodevices and therapeutic agents, have significant potential for biomedical applications; however, additional studies of their safety are needed. Particular emphasis should be placed on the lack of information about the effect of graphene nanoribbons on the organism as a whole obtained from in vivo experiments, as well as about their ecological toxicity, accumulation, migration, and destruction within ecosystems.
“…Similar small Raman features were observed in both experimental and calculated Raman spectra of C-GNRs in previous studies, where these small features were attributed to the low dimensionality and highquality. [21,22,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Since C-NPG consists of C-GNRs, the appearance of these small Raman peaks is expected, and their presence after exposure to air even after several weeks (Figure S5, Supporting Information) strongly suggests that C-NPG is stable under ambient conditions. [15,34] The absence of the Raman peaks at ≈1640 and ≈1160 cm -1 in the spectra, which are assigned to the bending mode of the OH group, and the CO stretching mode, respectively-also confirms the high oxidation stability of C-NPG.…”
Nanoporous graphene (NPG) can exhibit a uniform electronic band gap and rationally-engineered emergent electronic properties, promising for electronic devices such as field-effect transistors (FETs), when synthesized with atomic precision. Bottom-up, on-surface synthetic approaches developed for graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) now provide the necessary atomic precision in NPG formation to access these desirable properties. However, the potential of bottom-up synthesized NPG for electronic devices has remained largely unexplored to date. Here, FETs based on bottom-up synthesized chevron-type NPG (C-NPG), consisting of ordered arrays of nanopores defined by laterally connected chevron GNRs, are demonstrated. C-NPG FETs show excellent switching performance with on-off ratios exceeding 10 4 , which are tightly linked to the structural quality of C-NPG. The devices operate as p-type transistors in the air, while n-type transport is observed when measured under vacuum, which is associated with reversible adsorption of gases or moisture. Theoretical analysis of charge transport in C-NPG is also performed through electronic structure and transport calculations, which reveal strong conductance anisotropy effects in C-NPG. The present study provides important insights into the design of high-performance graphene-based electronic devices where ballistic conductance and conduction anisotropy are achieved, which could be used in logic applications, and ultra-sensitive sensors for chemical or biological detection.
“…According to Randles–Sevick’s Eq. ( 1 ), the electrocatalytic surface area of both bare CPE and MCPE was calculated 42 . Figure 3 CV results of K 4 [Fe (CN) 6 ] at bare CPE (A) and PoOCD/MCPE (B) at a SR 100 mVs −1 .…”
In the present work, Orange CD was chosen as an intriguing modifier for the electropolymerization on the surface of CPE by the CV technique. A novel, sensitive, and cost-effective poly (Orange CD) MCPE (PoOCD/MCPE) sensor was utilized for the selective detection of paracetamol (PA) in 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) of pH 7.4. The oxidation peak current of PA was vastly enhanced at the sensor. The scan rate study is suggested that electro-oxidation of PA was adsorption-controlled. The pH study testifies the redox pathways transport with the same quantity of electrons and protons. The detection limit of PA is found to be 2.64 µM. DPV results show that substantial peak separation between PA, folic acid (FA), and dopamine (DA) could be facilitating their individual and simultaneous determination on the sensor. The decorated sensor demonstrates high sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, repeatability and has been successfully exploited for the detection of PA in a tablet with promising results.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
