Chemically modified electrodes

Covalent modification of graphitic carbon substrates by non-electrochemical methods

“…The authors propose that abrasion of the GC surface generates dangling bonds that react with ammonia. This reaction is analogous to, but technically much simpler than, that reported earlier by Anson [62] and Murray [30] who generated oxide-free carbon by treating edge plane graphite and GC with argon plasma and exposing the reactive surfaces to amine vapour. In this earlier work, modification of GC surfaces was also effected by polishing in the presence of alkenes.…”

“…The relative abundances of these depends on the material's preparation method and its post-treatment [4]. The presence of surface radicals (or σ dangling bonds) is also commonly assumed; heat [29], argon RF plasma treatment and mechanical abrasion [30] have been suggested to increase the abundance of surface σ radicals. Recently a new model for the oxygen-free sites of graphitic edge planes has been proposed in a study which attempts to reconcile diverse aspects of the chemistry and physics of graphitic carbons [31].…”

“…The authors outline several possibilities based on mechanisms proposed for thermal reactions of similar species at diamond [68,69,70] and silicon [71,72] surfaces, and the earlier work of Mazur and Murray, who proposed that surface carbon radicals form when carbon substrates are heated under vacuum or are abraded in the absence of air [29,30]. Figures 7-9 depict possible reaction pathways.…”

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of metal, metal oxide, and carbon electrode surfaces chemically modified with ferrocene and ferricenium

“…chemisorbed on Pt (17), and coated on a variety of electrode materials in a polymeric form (6,(18)(19)(20)(21). Experience thus far indicates that most attachment schemes allow very fast electron transfer although differences in electron transfer rate will undoubtedly appear as kinetic studies progress in this field.…”

Electrical Properties of Plasma-Polymerized Thin Films

“…The major distinguished feature in them is the very high degree of crosslinking which renders them insoluble. 2 • 3 As the plasma-polymerized films have generally the characteristics of high electrical resistivity and strong to substrates, the plasma polymerization technique has become widely accepted in the electronics and optics manufacturing industries; plasma polymers have been used as dielectrics for thin film capacitors, 4 • 5 protection of semiconductor devices, 6 • 7 chemically modified electrodes, 8 -ll scratch resistant coatings for plastic optical components, 12 optical waveguides, 13 an tirefl.ection coatings/ 2 and coatings for the orientation of liquid crystals in liquid crystal displays. 14 Less directly, plasma polymers have found application as corrosion protective coatings for metals or alloys.tS…”