Chemical Decellularization Methods and Its Effects on Extracellular Matrix

Abstract

Background: Extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by tissue decellularization processes as a biological scaffold due to its unique properties compared to other scaffolds for migration and implantation of stem cells have been used successfully in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in the last years. The objective of this manuscript was to provide an overview of the chemical decellularization methods, evaluation of decellularized ECM and the potential effect of the chemical decellularization agents on the biochemical composition. Methods: We searched in Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. The literature search was done by using the following keywords: "ECM, biologic scaffold, decellularization, chemical methods, tissue engineering." We selected articles have been published from 2000 to 2016, and 15 full texts and 97 abstracts were reviewed. Results: Employing an optimization method to minimize damage to the ECM ultrastructure as for a result of the lack of reduction in mechanical properties and also the preservation of essential proteins such as laminin, fibronectin, Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), growth factor is required. Various methods include chemical, physical and enzymatic technics were studied. However, on each of these methods can have undesirable effects on ECM. Conclusion: It is suggested that instead of the Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) which have high strength degradation, we can use zwitterionic separately or in combination with SDS. Tributyl phosphate (TBP) due to its unique properties can be used in decellularization process.

Application of decellularized bone matrix as a bioscaffold in bone tissue engineering

“…There are three divisions of chemical decellularization protocols: detergents, acidic or basic conditions, and chelating agent (Table 2) [64,65].…”

“…Compared to other detergents, SDS is very effective in removing cytoplasmic compounds and cell debris [65].…”

Functional acellular matrix for tissue repair

“…Nonionic decontaminants (e.g., Triton X-100) are biodegradable emulsifiers that are used to solubilize proteins and degrade cell membranes [ 123 ], cleaving protein–DNA and lipid–protein bonds [ 124 ] while maintaining the integrity of protein–protein bonds [ 46 ]. The acids commonly used in decellularization include peroxyacetic, hydrochloric, and acetic acids [ 125 ], while the corresponding bases include sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, and calcium hydroxide [ 126 ]. Acidic compounds promote hydrolysis by forming covalent bonds or providing H + ions [ 125 ], while bases function by inducing cellular cleavage and denaturing genetic material [ 86 ].…”

“… Perfusion is more complex and requires additional hardware and sophisticated flow control equipment. [ [117] , [118] , [119] , [123] , [124] , [125] , [126] ] Immersion and agitation The process is simple. Proteins of ECM can be well preserved.…”

Tissue-Specific Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Bioinks for Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration and Modeling Using 3D Bioprinting Technology

“…α-Galactosidase dissects alpha-galactosyl moieties of glycoproteins and glycolipids and prevents adverse xenoimmune responses. Nucleases, including endonucleases and exonucleases, cleave nucleic acids, including ribonucleotides and deoxynucleotides [65]. However, long-term enzymatic treatment drastically changes the mechanical and biochemical properties of the ECM.…”