Tissue-Specific Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Bioinks for Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration and Modeling Using 3D Bioprinting Technology

Abstract

The musculoskeletal system is a vital body system that protects internal organs, supports locomotion, and maintains homeostatic function. Unfortunately, musculoskeletal disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide. Although implant surgeries using autografts, allografts, and xenografts have been conducted, several adverse effects, including donor site morbidity and immunoreaction, exist. To overcome these limitations, various biomedical engineering approaches have been proposed based on an understanding of the complexity of human musculoskeletal tissue. In this review, the leading edge of musculoskeletal tissue engineering using 3D bioprinting technology and musculoskeletal tissue-derived decellularized extracellular matrix bioink is described. In particular, studies on in vivo regeneration and in vitro modeling of musculoskeletal tissue have been focused on. Lastly, the current breakthroughs, limitations, and future perspectives are described.

New frontiers of tendon augmentation technology in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: a concise literature review

“…120 3D bioprinting technology can be classified into three sub-types: inkjet-based, laser-assisted, and microextrusion-based printing. 76 …”

“…Extrusion-based bioprinting (also called direct ink writing) is the most commonly used type of 3D printing in TE applications and is implemented by most commercially available systems, with several distinct advantages. 76 , 121 Some advantages of this technique include high versatility, affordability, ease of use, multiple print heads allowing for printing multiple materials within a single construct, printability of highly viscous bioinks (30–6 × 10 7 mPa s −1 ), and printability of structures with high cell densities (including cell spheroids). 27 , 121 , 122 The most significant drawback of extrusion-based bioprinting is that cell viability and functions are reduced as cells are exposed to shear stress when passing through the nozzle and pressure while in the syringe before extrusion.…”

Membranous Extracellular Matrix-Based Scaffolds for Skin Wound Healing

“…After the loading of medical image data or specific software, bioinks can be deposited in the correct coordinates to create a 3D structure based on a predefined spatial model [159,160]. The ECM solutions with suitable concentrations and rheological properties can be utilized as bioinks for 3D bioprinting [161]. Generally, the solubilization of raw ECM materials can be achieved by a series of operations, such as pulverization, enzymatic digestion, and neutralization [162,163].…”

“…Generally, the solubilization of raw ECM materials can be achieved by a series of operations, such as pulverization, enzymatic digestion, and neutralization [162,163]. However, because of the fragility and poor printability of ECM-based bioinks, the bioprinting process is very challenging [161]. To tackle this obstacle, several strategies have been developed.…”

Valuable effect of Manuka Honey in increasing the printability and chondrogenic potential of a naturally derived bioink

“…An ideal bioink material should meet the following requirements: (i) printability, (ii) high mechanical stability, (iii) insolubility in the culture medium, (iv) cytocompatibility and non-immunogenicity, (v) quickly production and commercial feasibility, and (vi) cell viability, proliferation, and biosynthetic activity promotion [ 11 ]. Bioprinting of decellularized ECM [ [12] , [13] , [14] ] and of several natural polymers for AC applications has been reported for hyaluronic acid (HA), gelatin (Gel), gellan gum (GG), chitosan, agarose, collagen and alginate [ [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] ]. However, due to unsuitable mechanical properties and the inability to be self-supporting for multi-layered fabrication, the printing fidelity is very limited, and it is always difficult to produce large-scale functional tissue constructs [ 20 ].…”