Chemical Compositions of 300 Lower Urinary Tract Calculi and Associated Disorders in the Urinary Tract

Abstract

The stones removed from 273 patients (220 males, 53 females) with bladder stones and 27 patients with urethral stones (males) were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Of these stones 50.0% contained magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP), 39.9% calcium (oxalate and/or phosphate), 9.4% uric acid (urate), and 0.7% cystine. The disorders associated with bladder stones were prostatic hyperplasia and cancer (47.8%), neurogenic bladder (11.8%), urethral stricture (3.6%) and so on in males, and neurogenic bladder (48.1%), after operation of uterus (29.0%), bladder cancer (5.7%) and so on in females. Urinary infections were complications in 59.3% of patients with MAP stones, 41.2% with urate stones and 20.0% with calcium stones. The most often isolated bacteria from the infected urine were of the Proteus species.

Changes in the incidence of lower urinary tract stones in Japan from 1965 to 1995

“…The percentages of various stone types in our study coincide with those reported by Takasaki et al 9 They found that calcium-containing stones, uric acid stones and infectious stones accounted for 40.0%, 5.7% and 50.0%, respectively, of 300 lower urinary tract calculi. Because 59 of 120 patients with calcium-containing stones had no lower urinary tract disorders and 30 of the 59 patients had coexistent upper urinary tract calculi, it was suggested that most of these stones had descended from the kidneys.…”

A medieval bladder stone from Norwich, Norfolk

“…In an elderly male, stone formation may be related to benign prostatic hypertrophy (Sarcia et al, 1994). In the present case, the high percentage of phosphate may suggest an infective aetiology (Takasaki et al, 1995). However, it appears that there may be chemical variation within calculi, the nucleus containing more uric acid, urates and oxalates and the surface being predominantly composed of phosphates .…”

Urodynamic findings before and after noninvasive management of bladder calculi

“…There are some situations that promote the formation of bladder calculi, e.g. foreign bodies, a neurogenic bladder, previous surgery, bladder augmentation or substitution, a history of chronic bacteriuria by urea‐splitting organisms, or a previous bladder catheter [1,16–18]. In these situations the causal factor is well established but it accounts for a small proportion of all bladder calculi.…”