Chemical composition of scented extracts obtained from Calendula officinalis by three extraction methods

Abstract

Hydrodistillation, organic solvent extraction, and enfleurage are common techniques for extracting essential oils from plant samples. One factor that influences the essential oil yield is the extraction method used. The aim of the study was to choose the best method for essential oil extraction from pot marigold flowers, based on oil yield, processing time, and number of extracted compounds, for research purposes focused on genotypic characterization. Yields of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation, organic solvent extraction, and enfleurage were 0.9 ± 0.1, 6.7 ± 0.2 and 7.1 ± 0.15 g of oil per 100 g of dry floral material, respectively. The method that provided the highest-quality oil (without pigments) was the hydrodistillation, which also contained the highest amount of non-polar compounds, but required a long time for processing many samples. Organic solvent extraction and enfleurage are faster for processing, but their extracted oils contain pigments. The most suitable technique for processing many samples in a short period of time was enfleurage because it provided an oil yield seven-fold higher than hydrodistillation and oil with less pigments than organic solvent extraction did. In addition, oil obtained by enfleurage contained the two main compounds in pot marigold flowers, α-cadinene and δ-cadinene.

Green Extraction of Cork Bioactive Compounds Using Natural Deep Eutectic Mixtures

“…The extraction followed the methodology designated as enfleurage, replacing the fat, generally used as a solvent in this process, by NADES. 62 Other extraction techniques, like ultrasound and sealed systems, were also applied. The data obtained reveal that the yield of extraction of natural compounds from cork (Quercus suber) increases considerably when the process is carried out using NADES as a solvent instead of water or dioxane (Figure 8a, b).…”

“…It is expected that these mixtures would have higher extraction potential than organic solvents normally used for the same effect. The extraction followed the methodology designated as enfleurage, replacing the fat, generally used as a solvent in this process, by NADES . Other extraction techniques, like ultrasound and sealed systems, were also applied.…”

Antifungal Activity and Detoxification of Aflatoxins by Plant Extracts: Potential for Food Applications

“…The greatest difficulty of studies on the antifungal activity of essential oils depends on the sufficient production of the raw materials. In this context, different processes have been used for extraction, such as classical methods including hydro-distillation [7], effleurage [21], organic solvent extraction [8] and maceration [11]. Laboratory-scale techniques like Clevenger distillation and innovative methods such as microwave and supercritical fluid also are being studied [22].…”

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“…The results obtained match up with the data of earlier studies on the components Calendula oil content. In different studies, α-cadinol, t-cadinol, [9,13,18] α-thujene, [9,11,13] α-muurolene, γ-muurolene, [9,18] γ-cadinene, δ-cadinene, α-cadinene, [8,11] viridiflorol, β-cubebene, [8,18] epi-α-muurolol, β-caryophyllene, [11] and α-humulene [18] were isolated in it.…”

“…[10] In addition, the GC/MS method was proposed to determine the components content of Calendula oil obtained by different methods. [11] GC/MS method was done for C. officinalis flowers methanolic extract analysis [12] with split injection (split ratio 1:50) and hydroalcoholic extract [13] by splitless mode.…”