Chemical composition of essential oil and antioxidant activity of leaves and stems of Phlomis lurestanica

Abstract

Essential oils from leaves and stems of Phlomis lurestanica at the flowering stage were extracted by hydrodistillation. The essential oils were analyzed using Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Twenty-eight and twenty-five compounds were identified in the stems and leaves, respectively. The main compounds of stems were α-pinene (12.40%), γ-cadinene (10.92%), and γ-elemene (6.46%). Hexadecane (8.97%), 2-dodecnenal (6.57%), and heptadecane (6.32%) were the major constituents in the essential oils of the leaves. The methanol extracts of stems and leaves were evaluated for their antioxidant properties using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and β-carotene/ linoleic acid tests. In the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, the leaves (IC 50 = 1168.9 µg/ml) have stronger antioxidant activity than the stems (IC 50 = 1563.6 µg/ml). The extracts of the leaves and stems showed remarkable antioxidant activity in β-carotene/linoleic acid assay (96.2% and 95%, respectively). The total phenol and flavonoid contents of the species were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl 3 assays, respectively. The phenol and flavonoid contents of the leaves (301.0 µg/ml and 45.2 µg/ml, respectively) were observed more than the stems (172.3 µg/mg and 18.8 µg/mg, respectively). ARTICLE HISTORY

Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Activities of Essential Oils of Plumeria alba (Forget-Me-Not)

“…The most abundant component in the leaf essential oils was hexadecane ( Table 2 ). Hexadecane has been found in essential oils from a variety of plants, including Phlomis lurestanica [ 25 ] and Cassia Fistula [ 26 ]. In contrast to this study, Lawal identified acyclic monoterpenoids and aldehydes as the main constituents of the leaf oil of P. alba in Nigeria [ 10 ].…”

In Vivo and In Silico Assessment of the Cardioprotective Effect of Thymus linearis Extract against Ischemic Myocardial Injury

“…Caryophyllene and cadinene also show antimicrobial properties . Germacrene is a major component of many oils from Phlomis species showing antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties . NF-κB and COX2 play important roles in inflammation pathways, while MCL is malonyl-CoA, a fatty acid synthesis precursor.…”

“… 34 Germacrene is a major component of many oils from Phlomis species showing antioxidant and antiatherogenic properties. 35 NF-κB and COX2 play important roles in inflammation pathways, while MCL is malonyl-CoA, a fatty acid synthesis precursor. Previously, an in silico screening of some flavonols showed that morin potentially inhibited malonyl coenzyme A and may act as a cardioprotective agent.…”

Glandular Trichomes and Essential Oils Variability in Species of the Genus Phlomis L.: A Review

“…Germacrene-D is one of the main components found in 31 out of the 47 species for which data are available in the literature, while β-caryophyllene is present in 25 species. β-caryophyllene and its oxidized form, caryophyllene oxide, are present among the first five components of essential oils from the majority of Phlomis species, with the exception of P. aurea [74], P. brachyodon [76], P. bucharica [81], P. cashmeriana [85], P. lurestanica [104], P. monocephala [67], P. platystegia [76], P. salicifolia [81] and P. thapsoides [120]. We notice that in six species of Phlomis, both germacrene-D and β-caryophyllene are missing from the main components of the essential oils.…”

“…Some of the main constituents identified in the essential oil from various species of Phlomis-germacrene D and β-caryophyllene-are substances with a well-known Germacrene-D was identified in the highest quantities in the species Phlomis anisodonta (65.0%) [58], P. bruguieri (60.05%) [78], P. kurdica (55.4%) [97] and P. aurea (51.56%) [74]. This compound was not among the first five components of essential oils in the species P. brevibracteata [77], P. bucharica [81], P. cashmeriana [85], P. elliptica [89], P. lanata [17], P. lurestanica [104], P. platystegia [76], P. regelii [115], P. salicifolia [81] and P. thapsoides [120]. Most of these species have, as their main component, a monoterpene or a fatty acid, which confirms the existence of some chemotypes within the species of this genus, as was pointed out by Amor [56].…”