Chemical composition, including secondary metabolites, and rumen fermentability of seeds and pulp of Californian (USA) and Italian grape pomaces

Abstract

This study determined the chemical composition and metabolizable energy (ME) value for ruminants of seeds and pulps from grape pomaces (GP), which were produced from white and red Vitis vinifera cultivars in Italy and California (USA). Six Italian (i.e., three white and three red) and five California red cultivars were collected after the crush of grape juice had been completed and were ensiled in micro-silos for 45 d. Fresh and ensiled samples were manually sieved to separate seeds from the pulp plus skin fraction and an overall inventory of 44 samples was obtained from the 24 Italian and 20 California samples (i.e., seeds and pulp fractions, fresh or ensiled from 6 or 5 cultivars, respectively). Both in seeds and pulp, the red Italian samples had higher organic matter (P<0.01), ether extract (P<0.05), neutral detergent fiber (aNDF, P<0.01), acid detergent fiber (ADF, P<0.01), lignin(sa, P<0.01) and Cu (P=0.02 and P<0.01, respectively) relative to the California red samples. In addition, K (P<0.01), Fe (P<0.01) and Zn (P=0.03 and P<0.01, respectively in seeds and pulps) were higher in red samples from California versus those from Italy. Italian white samples had higher saponins in pulp (SAP, P<0.05) and tended to have higher total extractable phenolics both in seeds and pulps (P=0.07 and P=0.10, respectively) than did Italian reds. Both in seeds and pulps, ensiling increased concentrations of aNDF (P<0.01 and P=0.08, respectively), ADF (P<0.01) and lignin(sa) (P<0.01 and P=0.03, respectively), had no impact on mineral levels and decreased concentrations anthocyanins (P=0.05) and SAP (P=0.01), respectively in seeds and pulp. Samples were fermented in diluted rumen fluid to measure in vitro rumen fermentability in terms of gas production, which was used to predict ME. Gas production from seeds of different origin were similar, with the exception of higher values at 48 h in red California cultivars with respect to those from Italy (19.2 ml versus 18.0 ml, P<0.05). In pulps, Italian reds did not differ from Italian whites, but had lower gas production than the red California samples (9.2 ml versus 12.2 ml, 16.6 ml versus 21.3 ml, 26.3 versus 32.7, P<0.01, at 4, 24 and 48 h respectively). Ensiling reduced gas production in seeds at 24 and 48 h of incubation (P<0.01) and in pulps at 48 h (P=0.09). Seeds from Italian red samples were lower (P<0.01) in ME than Italian whites (6.23 MJ/kg DM versus 6.89 MJ/kg DM, P<0.01) and higher (P<0.01) than the California samples (5.58 MJ/kg DM). There were no differences between ME of the groups of pulps, but ensiling reduced estimated ME content in seeds (5.94 MJ/kg DM versus 6.54 MJ/kg DM, P<0.01), but not in pulps. On the basis of our results, and in agreement with other recent papers and/or textbook data, the potential to use de-seeded GP as a feed in diets of high producing ruminants is limited

Effect of Fermented Winery By-Product Supplemented Rations on the Temperament and Meat Quality of Angus-Hereford X Steers During Feeding in a British Columbia Feedlot

“…These results are in agreement with previous studies that show grape pomace is an insufficient sole source of energy (Abarghuei et al, 2010;Baumgärtel et al, 2007;Spanghero et al, 2009). Further, as the diets contained less than 7% WB, and no seeds were present in these products, these results were expected and in agreement with Spanghero et al, (2009) who stated that the uses of de-seeded grape pomace were limited as feeds for high producing ruminants.…”

“…However, the value of seeds to the pharmacological industry is reducing the availability of this product in pomace and as an extract (Nerantzis and Tartaridis, 2006). In the absence of seeds, WB such as grape pomace have been shown to be limited in energy and not sufficient to support animal growth or milk production as a sole animal feed (Abarghuei et al, 2010;Baumgärtel et al, 2007;Hadjipanayiotou & Louca, 1976;Spanghero et al, 2009). Grape pomace has been successfully used as a co-product with high energy forages in animal feeds, and has been shown to reduce methane emissions from dairy cattle (Hersom et al, 2010;Molina-Alcaide, Moumen, & Martín-García 2008;Tsiplakou & Zervas, 2008).…”

Potential for Use of the Residues of the Wine Industry in Human Nutrition and as Agricultural Input

“…Grape pomace also showed a great wealth of biologically active substances in the study that were developed to determine the chemical composition of seeds and skin of grape pomace of different cultivars of V. vinifera grapes both white and red in Italy and in California [19]. These authors verified that in the seeds and in the skin, the Italian samples presented higher content of organic matter-lignin and copper.…”

<i>In vitro</i> screening of unconventional feeds and various natural supplements for their ruminal methane mitigation potential when included in a maize-silage based diet

“…Spanghero et al (2009) examined, besides others, the chemical composition and rumen fermentability of grape seeds in vitro. Compared with the other medicinal-type plant parts, grape seeds are characterized by high levels of total phenols and total tannins (Spanghero et al, 2009; present data) which might result in antimethanogenic effects. This was not the case in the present study and, despite the low feeding value, the grape seeds did not depress gas production and IVOMD although total SCFA concentration was rather low.…”