Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of juice and peel oil of grapefruit varieties cultivated in India

The peel essential oil composition of bergamot fruit (Citrus bergamia, Risso) of Reggio Calabria (Italy): a review.

“…The fifth predominant monoterpene hydrocarbon was sabinene which was found in lowest quantity in the most recent published paper 0.47-0.66% (Table 2) and whose mean content studied during bergamot ripening was found to range between 1.37% on 1-15d of December and 1.26% on 1-15d of March (Dugo et al, 1987). Sabinene quantity in bergamot peel essential oil is higher than in grapefruit peel essential oil of fruits cultivated in India 0.44-0.83% (Ahmed et al, 2019), or than in lemon peel essential oil 0.25% of fruits cultivated in Sicily (Southern Italy) (Bonaccorsi et al, 2009), or than in mandarin peel essential oil of fruits cultivated in India 0.08% (Goyal and Kaushal, 2018).…”

“…The qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oil is influenced by many factors, such as the climatic condition, the graft holder, the cultural practices, the age of the plant, the degree of fruit ripening, the extraction technique, but above all it depends by the genotype (Branca, 2012). The bergamot essential oil differs from the other citrus essential oils for the high content of oxygenated compounds about 38% (mainly esters and alcohols), and for the hydrocarbon content, about 62%, clearly lower than that of the other oils (Ahmed et al, 2019;Ainane et al, 2018;Al Jabri and Hossain, 2018). It has a pleasant aroma similar to a fresh fruit.…”

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Antiproliferative Properties of Grapefruit Essential Oil Prepared by Molecular Distillation

“…Grapefruit EO has shown antioxidant activity, which was important for food preservation and disease prevention [19,20]. Ahmed et al (2019) reported that grapefruit EO extracted by hydrodistillation had antioxidant activity by using DPPH and FRAP assays [21]. Grapefruit peel extracts have been shown to decrease the HL-60 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner [22].…”

Analysis and Potential Value of Compounds Extracted From Star Ruby, Rio Red, and Ruby Red Grapefruit, and Grapefruit Juice Processing Residues via Steam Explosion

“…In our study, d -limonene ranged from 87.06 to 93.73% with lower values of d -limonene present in the Star Ruby and Ruby Red GP samples ( Table 1 ). In the literature, the amount of d -limonene in red grapefruit varieties can range from 76.09 to 96.06% for cold pressed and distilled peel ( 27 , 29 , 32 ). Interestingly, when lower values of d -limonene were observed, increased amounts of β-myrcene and decanal were found in our samples as well as in the literature.…”

“…It may be that the cold pressed and hydrodistilled samples in particular exhibit greater densities due to the presence of water or other more dense compounds. For example, Ahmed reported densities of 0.853–0.862 g ml −1 for hydrodistilled oil but had low d -limonene concentrations of 76.09–78.73% ( 27 ). Grapefruit oil is generally found to consist of >95% d -limonene ( 9 ), but steam-exploded and hydrodistilled grapefruit samples had <95% d -limonene ( Table 1 ).…”