The peel essential oil composition of bergamot fruit (Citrus bergamia, Risso) of Reggio Calabria (Italy): a review.

Abstract

Bergamot (Citrus bergamia, Risso) grows exclusively in the province of Reggio Calabria (Southern Italy). Most part of this territory lies on by the Ionian or the Tyrrhenian sea, with over 700 kilometers of coastline, it has one of the highest values of heliophany in Italy and it is protected, from the Northern winds, by the Aspromonte mountain massif. Most part of the bergamot cultivation area is located between Scilla (West) and Monasterace (East) in a coastal strip with a width up to 12 km from the coast. Bergamot fruit is produced between November and March in relation to the geographical area. Over the last decades, environmental climate changes occurred also in this area. This phenomenon, together with new applied industrial processes may have influenced the bergamot essential oil composition. In addition, the modern analytical apparatus gives more detailed information. The aim of this review is to describe the evolution of studies on the volatile fraction of the bergamot peel essential oil over the years.

Clove Essential Oil (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): Extraction, Chemical Composition, Food Applications, and Essential Bioactivity for Human Health

“…It is well known that differences in the composition of EOs and organic extract depend on the species [7], the phenological stage [9], agroecological conditions [6,8,16,17], pretreatment [11,14], processing conditions [6,[10][11][12][13][14]18], and extraction method [10][11][12][13][14]. Table 2 summarizes the impact of the different extraction methods and conditions on the concentration of the main volatile compounds in cloves.…”

“…Various authors have reported that the composition and extracted yield of EOs depends on the species, soil composition, plant organ (aerial parts, inflorescence, or roots), age, cycle stage, selected extraction method, and conditions of extraction [2,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Mohamed et al [16] reported that the application of different fertilizers (organic or chemical fertilizers) influences not only the growth or productivity of the plant but also the final composition and yield of the EO.…”

“…Mohamed et al [16] reported that the application of different fertilizers (organic or chemical fertilizers) influences not only the growth or productivity of the plant but also the final composition and yield of the EO. Recent studies, such as the one reported by Gioffrè et al [17], show that year after year, the composition of EO can change due to many factors, such as the geographic area of cultivation (microclimate), the agronomic techniques (fertilization, irrigation), and the date of harvest. Alfikri et al [9] reported that the phenological stage influences the yield and quality of clove essential oil.…”

Sarracenia alata (Alph.Wood) Alph.Wood Microcuttings as a Source of Volatiles Potentially Responsible for Insects’ Respond

“…[24], Coriandrum sativum L. [25], Mentha piperita L. [26], Cannabis sativa L. [27] and Boletus edulis [28]. Especially interesting was high content of (E)-α-bergamotene, which is characteristic for Citrus bergamia Risso fruit [29] and pyridine, which was reported in similar amounts in Cicer arietinum L. [30].…”

Dynamic variation of the phytochemical and volatile compounds in the pericarp ofCitrus reticulata‘‘Chachi’’ (Rutaceae) during 2 years of storage

“…Twenty-two major volatile compounds were selected for multivariate statistical analysis, among which d-limonene was the highest relative content (Table S5) and the most abundant ingredient in other citrus peel, such as bergamot (Citrus bergamia (Rutaceae)), lemon (Citrus limon (Rutaceae)), and grapefruit (C. paradisi (Rutaceae)). (Gioffrè et al, 2020;Miya et al, 2021;Verzera et al, 2001). The reported literature has illustrated that the γ-terpinene is lower in grapefruit peel (about 0.1%), but it is higher in the oriental mandarin cultivars peel (Owari and Okitsu), ranging from 3.6% to 4.1% (Merle et al, 2004).…”