Chemical composition and potential health risks of raw Arabian incense (Bakhour)

Chemical analysis and potential health risks of hookah charcoal

“…For each metal analyzed, a calibration curve was generated to determine its concentrations in the samples. The results of these calculations along with the standard deviation among the three replicates are summarized in Table 3 and are compared to values obtained from the literature (Chiba and Masironi, 1992;Elsayed et al, 2014). Knowing the expected variation in the composition of the charcoals' raw materials, the standard deviations reported from the ICP analysis are within the acceptable levels.…”

“…Total carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents in each of the raw charcoal samples were determined using EA 3000 CHN analyzer (EuroVector, Europe) (Elsayed et al, 2014). Three replicates of each of the raw charcoal samples were analyzed.…”

“…The samples were weighed in separate ceramic crucibles and ashed inside a furnace (Barnstead/Thermolyne Type 6000, USA) at 575°C for 6 h (Elsayed et al, 2014). The mass of the remaining ash was weighed after cooling in a desiccator.…”

“…SEM images were obtained for each of the samples. The percent compositions of elements present on the surface of the charcoal films were determined (Elsayed et al, 2014). Three replicates of each of the raw charcoal samples were analyzed.…”

Indoor air pollution and exposure assessment of the gulf cooperation council countries: A critical review

“…For all of these countries, most indoor air pollution studies have been focused on measuring the concentration levels and characterization of chemical species. Previous reviews have shown that particulate matters (PMs), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and heavy metals were the major indoor air pollutants in the GCC countries (Abdul-Wahab and Al-Rehaili, 1999;Al Mulla et al, 2015;Argyropoulos et al, 2016;Elsayed et al, 2016;Farahat, 2016;Omidvarborna et al, 2018;Saraga et al, 2017). Recent studies in KSA have identified Radon ( 222 Rn) gas as another indoor air pollutant (Abo-Elmagd et al, 2018;Alghamdi and Aleissa, 2014).…”