Chemical and Rheological Characteristics of Thermally Stable Kraft Lignin Polycondensates Analyzed by Dielectric Properties

Duong, Le Dai; Luong, Nguyen Dang; Bình, Nguyễn Thị Thanh; Park, Inkyung; Lee, Seong Hoon; Kim, Dea Sik; Lee, Yong Sang; Lee, Youngkwan; Kim, Byung Woo; Kim, Kwang Ho; Yoon, Ho Kyu; Yun, Ju Ho; Nam, Jae‐Do

doi:10.15376/biores.8.3.4518-4532

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…Greenhouse gas emission is a major driver of global warming; mainly caused by human activities, such as fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, livestock farming, use of synthetic fertilizers, and industrial processes. Contamination of global freshwater systems with industrial chemicals is another crucial problem calling for the generation of nontoxic chemicals and transition to more sustainable processes [ 1 , 2 ]. Currently, many oil-based chemicals are used in industry for a variety of purposes, and unwillingly some will be released to the environment, causing wildlife and environmental issues, consequently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Flocculants, Adsorbents, and Dispersants from Lignin

et al. 2018

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Currently, lignin is mainly produced in pulping processes, but it is considered as an under-utilized chemical since it is being mainly used as a fuel source. Lignin contains many hydroxyl groups that can participate in chemical reactions to produce value-added products. Flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants have a wide range of applications in industry, but they are mainly oil-based chemicals and expensive. This paper reviews the pathways to produce water soluble lignin-based flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants. It provides information on the recent progress in the possible use of these lignin-based flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants. It also critically discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches to produce such products. The challenges present in the production of lignin-based flocculants, adsorbents, and dispersants and possible scenarios to overcome these challenges for commercial use of these products in industry are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Flocculants, Adsorbents, and Dispersants from Lignin

et al. 2018

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“…Furthermore, almost all the lignin modification reactions have been carried out in the presence of solvents 5,6,10–13,16,17 . When solvents are used in the lignin reactions, however, the products should be separated from unreacted reagents, catalysts, and solvents and washed through multiple sequential steps, which usually accompany environmental issues and cost incrementally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent-free bulk polymerization of lignin-polycaprolactone (PCL) copolymer and its thermoplastic characteristics

Park

Sun

Kim

et al. 2019

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The pristine lignin molecules contain multiple reactive hydroxyl [OH] groups, some of which undergo limited polymerization depending on their configuration (aromatic or aliphatic) or conformation. The key issue in lignin-polymerization is to quantify the number of hydroxyl groups in the pristine molecules for subsequent activation to specific lignin-polymer chain lengths or degree of grafting. In this study, using ε-caprolactone (CL) as a reactive solvent, we successfully polymerized CL on the [OH] sites in the kraft lignin macromonomers (LM, Mw = 1,520 g mol−1), which resulted in a thermoplastic lignin-polycaprolactone (PCL) grafted copolymer. We found that the average number of [OH] groups in the LM was 15.3 groups mol−1, and further detected 40–71% of the [OH] groups in the CL bulk polymerization. The degree of polymerization of PCL grown on each [OH] site ranged between 7 and 26 depending on the reaction conditions ([CL]/[OH] and reaction-time) corresponding to 4,780 and 32,600 g mol−1 of PCL chains per a LM. The thermoplastic characteristics of the synthesized lignin-PCL copolymers were established by the melt viscosity exhibiting a shear-thinning behavior, e.g., 921 Pa.s at 180 °C. The thermal stability was remarkable providing a Tid (2% of weight loss) of 230 °C of the copolymers, compared with 69 °C for the pristine lignin.

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“…An alternative focus of research is the optimization of the structure and degree of polymerization of the lignin molecule. For example, Duong et al carried out polycondensation from sebacoyl chloride catalyzed with triethylamine [72]. The resulting material offered better thermal stability than kraft lignin, giving it potential for use in environmentally friendly composites [72].…”

Section: Lignin -Trends and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depolymerization and Activation of Lignin: Current State of Knowledge and Perspectives

Kłapiszewski¹,

Szalaty²,

Jesionowski³

2018

Lignin - Trends and Applications

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A very important topic in present-day research is the depolymerization of lignin, meaning the multi-parametric decomposition of the biopolymer into low-molecular-weight products (monomers) by breaking of the intermolecular bonds. Depolymerization can occur under many different factors, such as high temperature or catalysts, which determine the mechanism of disintegration. In the case of lignin, this process is carried out in order to obtain many valuable low-molecular-weight compounds. It is becoming more and more popular as a result of the use of ionic liquids, but methods using alkaline, acidic, and metallic catalysts, as well as pyrolysis and supercritical fluids, are also known. All of these methods will be described in detail in this chapter.

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Chemical and Rheological Characteristics of Thermally Stable Kraft Lignin Polycondensates Analyzed by Dielectric Properties

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Production of Flocculants, Adsorbents, and Dispersants from Lignin

Production of Flocculants, Adsorbents, and Dispersants from Lignin

Solvent-free bulk polymerization of lignin-polycaprolactone (PCL) copolymer and its thermoplastic characteristics

Depolymerization and Activation of Lignin: Current State of Knowledge and Perspectives

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