Chemical analysis and antiviral activity evaluation of Baccharis anomala

Abstract

The chemical composition and antiviral activity of aqueous extract from Baccharis anomala was studied by bioactivity-guided fractionation. Ethanol precipitation and fractionation by molecular permeation allowed the separation of the anti-herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) active fraction from aqueous extract (Fraction B). Natural Product Reagent A, FeCl and thin-layer chromatography indicated the presence of phenolic compounds in the aqueous extract. Fraction B showed pronounced antiviral activity when tested with HSV-1 strains VR733/ATCC and Acyclovir-resistant 29-R, displaying virucidal but not virustatic activity.

Review of Whole Plant Extracts With Activity Against Herpes Simplex Viruses In Vitro and In Vivo

“…The EC 50 and SI values, respectively, against HSV-1 were 23.4 mg/ml and >12.7 for the aqueous extract, 16.6 mg/ml and 3.5 for the ethanolic extract, and 17.6 mg/ml and 6.0 for the essential oil. The EC 50 and SI values, respectively, against HSV-2 were 23.6 mg/ ml and >12.6 for the aqueous extract, 2.3 mg/ml and 26.8 for the ethanolic extract, and 18.6 mg/ml and 6.9 for the essential oil. These results highlight that HSV-2 is more susceptible to the ethanolic extract of T. capitatus compared to HSV-1, while both viruses showed similar susceptibility to the aqueous extract and essential oil.…”

“…The greatest inhibition was seen at a concentration of 20 mg/ml where the extract inhibited 80% of HSV-2 replication. The EC 50 and SI values for the extract were determined to be 10 mg/ml and 25, respectively, and no cytotoxic effects were noted up to a concentration of 32 mg/ml.…”

“…131 Extracts that exhibited moderate antiviral activity were Bauhinia variegata (EC 50 ¼ 182.7 mg/ml and SI ¼ 7.4 for HSV-1; EC 50 ¼ 117.1 mg/ml and SI ¼ 11.6 for HSV-2), 40 Arachis hypogaea (EC 50 ¼ 191.1 mg/ml and SI ¼ 18.3 for HSV-2), 40 Boussingaultia gracilis (EC 50 ¼ 194.7 mg/ml and SI ¼ 15.6 for HSV-2), 43 Ardisia squamulosa (EC 50 ¼ 168.5 mg/ml and SI ¼ 10.1 for HSV-1), 43 Crossostephium chinense (EC 50 ¼ 179.2 mg/ml and SI ¼ 4.0 for HSV-2), 43 Caesalpinia pulcherrima (EC 50 ¼ 166.8 mg/ml and SI ¼ 16.5 for HSV-1; EC 50 ¼ 193.1 mg/ml and SI ¼ 14.2 for HSV-2), 57 Ixeris chinensis (IC 50 ¼ 154.6 mg/ml and SI >6.5 for HSV-1; IC 50 ¼ 120.7 mg/ml and SI >8.3 for HSV-2), 54 and Senecio scandens (IC 50 ¼ 197.6 mg/ml and SI >5.1 for HSV-2). 54 The EC 50 and SI values of acyclovir, as comparison, ranged 0.61-7.6 mg/ml and 20.3-45.1 for HSV-1 and 0.81-4.7 mg/ml and 32.8-58.9 for HSV-2, respectively. 40,43,57,131,189 Herbs that had little to mild antiherpetic activity were Bidens pilosa, 43,54,189 Houttuynia cordata, 189 Adenanthera pavonia, 40 Bauhinia purpura, 40 Desmodium caudatum, 40 Desmodium triforum, 40 Glycine max, 40 Pisum sativum, 40 Artemisai princeps, 43 Cinnamomum camphora, 43 Jasminum sambac, 43 Basella rubra, 43 Drymaria cordata, 43 Portulaca grandiflora, 43 Rosa rugosa, 43 and Eclipta prostrata.…”

“…An aqueous extract from Baccharis anomala was studied by Venturi et al 50 for its effect on ATCC-VR733 and 29-R/ acyclovir-resistant strains of HSV-1. The aqueous extract demonstrated EC 50 and SI values, respectively, of 0.0088 mg/ml and 49.14 against the wild-type strain and 0.065 mg/ ml and 66.53 against the 29-R strain.…”

Chemical compositions of essential oil from the aerial parts of male and female plants of Baccharis tridentata Vahl. (Asteraceae)

“…According to the number of species found in Brazil and the Andes, this region has been proposed as the probable centre of distribution of the genus. Baccharis has also been demonstrated to be able to express a wide phytochemistry diversity (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), meaning the evolutionary success of the taxon could be attributed to its array of secondary metabolites. In particular, in recent years, the analysis of Baccharis volatile compounds has increased for two main reasons: the search for new key aromas that can be applied in the food and fragrance industries, and improving our understanding of the role of volatile organic compounds in plant metabolism and in ecosystem relationships (6,7).…”